Most view articles
2021, 33(4):1-8.
Abstract:
Fengguo Temple is located in the northeast of Yixian County, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province. According to an inscription inside the temple, construction of the temple began in 1 020 AD, the ninth year of Kaitai during the Liao Dynasty. The main hall, Daxiong Hall, is so far the largest single wooden structure of all Liao Buddhist architecture. Daxiong Hall has a total of 20 mural paintings of the Yuan Dynasty with a total area of 466.7 square meters. These paintings are outstanding representatives of the fresco art of the Yuan Dynasty and boast high historical and artistic value. Due to an old age, several repairs and an unstable conservation environment, diseases, especially crack disease, have been very prominent, not only affecting the integrity and beauty of the mural paintings, but also destroying their safety and stability. For these reasons we selected the mural paintings of Fengguo Temple of the Yuan Dynasty as research objects. First of all, we determined the distribution of cracks, judged their types and summarized their characteristics. Then we evaluated the causes of cracks of the mural paintings with reference to the methods of analysis used for studying the causes of building wall cracks. Finally, we systematically and comprehensively summarized the cause of crack disease in the mural paintings in terms of crack attributes, causes and processes. From this study, it is shown that the building and foundation structures are stable that there is no uneven settlement. Cracks in the murals are due to temperature changes. The deformation stress caused by curing shrinkage and temperature shrinkage of epoxy resin is restrained in brick walls, which will be released in the earthen layer. This stress will cause deformation of the earthen layer and if the residual stress is still greater than the ultimate strength of the earth layer, the cracks will be earth layer. In this study, we developed a new research system suitable for crack diseases of mural paintings by a combination of practical investigation and the analysis of influencing factors. This research system can not only provide a theoretical basis for the further protection of murals, but also, to a certain extent, make up for the gap in this field, making the disease analysis process of murals more scientific and logical. It also provides a reference for the analysis of crack disease in other areas.
Fengguo Temple is located in the northeast of Yixian County, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province. According to an inscription inside the temple, construction of the temple began in 1 020 AD, the ninth year of Kaitai during the Liao Dynasty. The main hall, Daxiong Hall, is so far the largest single wooden structure of all Liao Buddhist architecture. Daxiong Hall has a total of 20 mural paintings of the Yuan Dynasty with a total area of 466.7 square meters. These paintings are outstanding representatives of the fresco art of the Yuan Dynasty and boast high historical and artistic value. Due to an old age, several repairs and an unstable conservation environment, diseases, especially crack disease, have been very prominent, not only affecting the integrity and beauty of the mural paintings, but also destroying their safety and stability. For these reasons we selected the mural paintings of Fengguo Temple of the Yuan Dynasty as research objects. First of all, we determined the distribution of cracks, judged their types and summarized their characteristics. Then we evaluated the causes of cracks of the mural paintings with reference to the methods of analysis used for studying the causes of building wall cracks. Finally, we systematically and comprehensively summarized the cause of crack disease in the mural paintings in terms of crack attributes, causes and processes. From this study, it is shown that the building and foundation structures are stable that there is no uneven settlement. Cracks in the murals are due to temperature changes. The deformation stress caused by curing shrinkage and temperature shrinkage of epoxy resin is restrained in brick walls, which will be released in the earthen layer. This stress will cause deformation of the earthen layer and if the residual stress is still greater than the ultimate strength of the earth layer, the cracks will be earth layer. In this study, we developed a new research system suitable for crack diseases of mural paintings by a combination of practical investigation and the analysis of influencing factors. This research system can not only provide a theoretical basis for the further protection of murals, but also, to a certain extent, make up for the gap in this field, making the disease analysis process of murals more scientific and logical. It also provides a reference for the analysis of crack disease in other areas.
2011, 23(1):7-12.
Abstract:
In China,silk relics have been excavated in large quantity and variety;however,because of the relative high humidity of the burial environment,some silk relics were even soaked in the liquid in coffin,and a lot of crystals formed on their surfaces,affecting their quality.Therefore,the cleaning of such silk is an important part of heritage conservation.In this study,crystal fouling on the surface of silk relics from the Tang Dynasty was analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.The results showed that the main component of the crystals was CaSO4·2H2O.Kombucha fermentation solution was found,under microscopic observation,to cause no damage to the silk,and the silk passed the tension strength test.Because of its biological acid and enzyme content,Kombucha fermentation solution could be used to remove the crystal fouling on the surface of silk relics.A good cleaning effect was achieved without damaging the silk.
In China,silk relics have been excavated in large quantity and variety;however,because of the relative high humidity of the burial environment,some silk relics were even soaked in the liquid in coffin,and a lot of crystals formed on their surfaces,affecting their quality.Therefore,the cleaning of such silk is an important part of heritage conservation.In this study,crystal fouling on the surface of silk relics from the Tang Dynasty was analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.The results showed that the main component of the crystals was CaSO4·2H2O.Kombucha fermentation solution was found,under microscopic observation,to cause no damage to the silk,and the silk passed the tension strength test.Because of its biological acid and enzyme content,Kombucha fermentation solution could be used to remove the crystal fouling on the surface of silk relics.A good cleaning effect was achieved without damaging the silk.
2010, 22(3):86-86.
Abstract:
2010, 22(3):15-20.
Abstract:
Efflorescence , caused mainly by the soluble salts in the wall,is one of the most common and serious dis- eases threatening ancient murals. Research on the characteristics and activities of inorganic ions in murals will pro- vide a scientific reference basis for solving the problem of efflorescence in ancient murals. By simulating the mobility of soluble salts in murals , we tried to reveal the distribution and activities of inorganic ions. Detection and analysis of the concentration of soluble salts in fine mud layer , coarse mud layer and adobe layer at different height by ion chro- matography showed that Ca2+ , Na+ . and SOj' have the highest concentration in the fine mud layer of the test block . and therefore the highest mobility , followed by Cl- , N03- , Mg2+ ; and K+ which are weaker. The higher the mobility of the ion.the more it is enriched in the mural surface.and the higher the probability of its crystallization with other ions.and therefore the greater chance of damaging the mural. This study provides the basis for further re- search and the solution of salt damage of ancient murals.
Efflorescence , caused mainly by the soluble salts in the wall,is one of the most common and serious dis- eases threatening ancient murals. Research on the characteristics and activities of inorganic ions in murals will pro- vide a scientific reference basis for solving the problem of efflorescence in ancient murals. By simulating the mobility of soluble salts in murals , we tried to reveal the distribution and activities of inorganic ions. Detection and analysis of the concentration of soluble salts in fine mud layer , coarse mud layer and adobe layer at different height by ion chro- matography showed that Ca2+ , Na+ . and SOj' have the highest concentration in the fine mud layer of the test block . and therefore the highest mobility , followed by Cl- , N03- , Mg2+ ; and K+ which are weaker. The higher the mobility of the ion.the more it is enriched in the mural surface.and the higher the probability of its crystallization with other ions.and therefore the greater chance of damaging the mural. This study provides the basis for further re- search and the solution of salt damage of ancient murals.
2010, 22(3):14-14.
Abstract:
2010, 22(3):10-14.
Abstract:
In conservation of iron cultural relics , desalination is one of very important treatment. Generally , the de- salination solution is alkaline. In this study , the influence of various factors , such as pH value ,in alkaline desalina- tion solutions,on the chloride specific ion electrode were examined. These experiments showed that the pH value of the desalination solution affects the potential of chloride specific ion electrode , especially when the chloride ion con- centration is low. The optimal pH of the solution is between 2 and 7. The surfactant in the solution had no significant impact on the chloride specific ion electrode ,as seen in the fact that the potential value of the l# chloride standard solution( 0. 5 mol/L NaOH + 1. 5% DP - 105 ) was equal of that of 2# solution (0. 5 mol/L NaOH) . However, bothof them were higher than the potential value of 3# solution ( aqueous solution) . In practice , the components of chlo- ride ion standard solution should be the same as that of the solution to be tested. Using chloride ion standard solu- tions ,it was showed that when chloride ion concentration is between o and 200 mg/L , the standard curve was highly linear , reproducible , and precise , and had a high correlation coefficient.
In conservation of iron cultural relics , desalination is one of very important treatment. Generally , the de- salination solution is alkaline. In this study , the influence of various factors , such as pH value ,in alkaline desalina- tion solutions,on the chloride specific ion electrode were examined. These experiments showed that the pH value of the desalination solution affects the potential of chloride specific ion electrode , especially when the chloride ion con- centration is low. The optimal pH of the solution is between 2 and 7. The surfactant in the solution had no significant impact on the chloride specific ion electrode ,as seen in the fact that the potential value of the l# chloride standard solution( 0. 5 mol/L NaOH + 1. 5% DP - 105 ) was equal of that of 2# solution (0. 5 mol/L NaOH) . However, bothof them were higher than the potential value of 3# solution ( aqueous solution) . In practice , the components of chlo- ride ion standard solution should be the same as that of the solution to be tested. Using chloride ion standard solu- tions ,it was showed that when chloride ion concentration is between o and 200 mg/L , the standard curve was highly linear , reproducible , and precise , and had a high correlation coefficient.
2010, 22(3):36-43.
Abstract:
In order to protect Chinese cultural relics, the symptoms of damage to free ~ standing cultural relics by the Wenchuan earthquake,as well as methods to prevent damage , were studied. Typical earthquake damage symp- toms seen in free ~ standing cultural relics are discussed. Museums,base supports and cultural relics were all stud- ied to identify the cause of damage of free ~ standing cultural relics. Shortcomings of typical methods used in China are discussed,and new technologies and their mechanism for protecting free ~ standing cultural relics in foreign countries are introduced. Based on world ~ wide experiences with earthquake protection measures for free ~ standing cultural relics ,helpful suggetions are provided. Survey results show that damage to free ~ standing cultural relics by the Wenchuan earthquake was caused not only by the strong earthquake, but also the lack of seismic preparation measures. In order to improve its seismic damages,the museum.fist of all.has to get seismic retrofitting. Then the base supports have to be designed so as to achieve vibration isolation. Finally the relics have to be connected firmly to the base supports. In addition , development of , new technologies for protection of free ~ standing cultural relics is encouraged . Key words : Free ~ standing cultural relics;Earthqnake damage analysis ; Aseismic technology ;Isolation ratio ; Wen- chuan earthquake
In order to protect Chinese cultural relics, the symptoms of damage to free ~ standing cultural relics by the Wenchuan earthquake,as well as methods to prevent damage , were studied. Typical earthquake damage symp- toms seen in free ~ standing cultural relics are discussed. Museums,base supports and cultural relics were all stud- ied to identify the cause of damage of free ~ standing cultural relics. Shortcomings of typical methods used in China are discussed,and new technologies and their mechanism for protecting free ~ standing cultural relics in foreign countries are introduced. Based on world ~ wide experiences with earthquake protection measures for free ~ standing cultural relics ,helpful suggetions are provided. Survey results show that damage to free ~ standing cultural relics by the Wenchuan earthquake was caused not only by the strong earthquake, but also the lack of seismic preparation measures. In order to improve its seismic damages,the museum.fist of all.has to get seismic retrofitting. Then the base supports have to be designed so as to achieve vibration isolation. Finally the relics have to be connected firmly to the base supports. In addition , development of , new technologies for protection of free ~ standing cultural relics is encouraged . Key words : Free ~ standing cultural relics;Earthqnake damage analysis ; Aseismic technology ;Isolation ratio ; Wen- chuan earthquake
8 The application history and scientific nature of bloodbased materials in traditional Chinese mortar
2013, 25(2):94-102.
Abstract:
An organicinorganic mortar can be created by adding organic materials to lime mortars and tabia. Blood based mortar is one of the most important representative formulations among the ancient Chinese organicinorganic mortars. It reflects not only a distinctive feature of traditional Chinese crafts, but also the scientific level of the construction technology at that time. The history of use of bloodmaterial mortar can be traced back 2200years, to the ground plaster used in building the Qin (B.C.221~ 206) Xianyang Palace, which consisted of pig blood, lime and a kind of stone named ginger rock. This bloodbased mortar was used primarily as the ground layer of decorative oil paintings, lacquer ware, etc. It is generally believed that the widest use of blood based material as a ground layer of decorative oil paintings and oil paint was in the Qing Dynasty (A.D.1644~1911), while its use in lacquerware starts no later than the Ming Dynasty (A.D.1368 1644). The method for preparing bloodbased mortar, which originates in the Qin consists of rubbing, filtering, adding limewater, and stirring. The ultimate product is jellylike. It can be used directly, or it can be first prepared with lime and then put into use. Nowadays the analysis and detection of the blood products in mortars is based primarily on the detection of the proteins in the mortars. The detection methods include Kjeldahl determination, spectroscopic analysis, chromatographic study, mass spectrometric method, Folinphenol method and ELISA method, etc. Animal blood exerts many effects on mortars, including foaming, water reduction, improved viscosity, waterproofing, decrease of roughness, anticracking, etc. This article also discusses the effective mechanisms of bloodbased mortar. The foaming effect comes from the proteins contained in the animal blood, especially the hemoglobin which has a great solubility and makes a perfect foaming agent.The water reducing effect is due to the anionic and hydrophilic groups of the blood proteins enhancing the dispersion of particles in the mortar, thus releases the free water in the flocculated structure. The improved viscosity due to the blood protein is probably caused by the ion crosslinking of calcium, carbonate and hydroxyl ions in the alkaline environment created by the lime. Waterproofing results from chemical bonds formed by the hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups, etc. Finally, the mixture of blood materials and tung oil forms channelstructured membrane, thus improves roughness and reduces cracking Apart from bloodbased mortars, the ancient Chinese organicinorganic mortars also utilized eggwhites, sticky rice, brown sugar and tung oil, etc. These mortars, like bloodbased mortar, also had excellent properties and functions. In many cases, all five natural organic compounds (egg white, blood, sticky rice, brown sugar and tung oil) are mixed up with one another to form integrated mortars. The overall objective was to learn more about the scientific basis and limitations of bloodmaterial mortars to aid in historical building restoration and protection.
An organicinorganic mortar can be created by adding organic materials to lime mortars and tabia. Blood based mortar is one of the most important representative formulations among the ancient Chinese organicinorganic mortars. It reflects not only a distinctive feature of traditional Chinese crafts, but also the scientific level of the construction technology at that time. The history of use of bloodmaterial mortar can be traced back 2200years, to the ground plaster used in building the Qin (B.C.221~ 206) Xianyang Palace, which consisted of pig blood, lime and a kind of stone named ginger rock. This bloodbased mortar was used primarily as the ground layer of decorative oil paintings, lacquer ware, etc. It is generally believed that the widest use of blood based material as a ground layer of decorative oil paintings and oil paint was in the Qing Dynasty (A.D.1644~1911), while its use in lacquerware starts no later than the Ming Dynasty (A.D.1368 1644). The method for preparing bloodbased mortar, which originates in the Qin consists of rubbing, filtering, adding limewater, and stirring. The ultimate product is jellylike. It can be used directly, or it can be first prepared with lime and then put into use. Nowadays the analysis and detection of the blood products in mortars is based primarily on the detection of the proteins in the mortars. The detection methods include Kjeldahl determination, spectroscopic analysis, chromatographic study, mass spectrometric method, Folinphenol method and ELISA method, etc. Animal blood exerts many effects on mortars, including foaming, water reduction, improved viscosity, waterproofing, decrease of roughness, anticracking, etc. This article also discusses the effective mechanisms of bloodbased mortar. The foaming effect comes from the proteins contained in the animal blood, especially the hemoglobin which has a great solubility and makes a perfect foaming agent.The water reducing effect is due to the anionic and hydrophilic groups of the blood proteins enhancing the dispersion of particles in the mortar, thus releases the free water in the flocculated structure. The improved viscosity due to the blood protein is probably caused by the ion crosslinking of calcium, carbonate and hydroxyl ions in the alkaline environment created by the lime. Waterproofing results from chemical bonds formed by the hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups, etc. Finally, the mixture of blood materials and tung oil forms channelstructured membrane, thus improves roughness and reduces cracking Apart from bloodbased mortars, the ancient Chinese organicinorganic mortars also utilized eggwhites, sticky rice, brown sugar and tung oil, etc. These mortars, like bloodbased mortar, also had excellent properties and functions. In many cases, all five natural organic compounds (egg white, blood, sticky rice, brown sugar and tung oil) are mixed up with one another to form integrated mortars. The overall objective was to learn more about the scientific basis and limitations of bloodmaterial mortars to aid in historical building restoration and protection.
2014, 26(2):9-15.
Abstract:
In order to explore the history and technology of lacquer manufacture in Chengdu, a batch of painted pottery objects unearthed in the first session of archaeological excavation the Xinyicun Site of Shierqiao district in Chengdu in 2010were analyzed via radiocarbon dating through accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS14C), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Optical Microscopy (OM), Micro Laser Raman Spectroscopy (MicroRaman) and XRay Fluorescence (XRF). The results of these studies showed these objects were probably used during from middle or late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period. The pottery was made of fusible clay, the black and red painting layers were Chinese lacquer mixed with carbon black and cinnabar (HgS), respectively. A layer of black lacquer was brushed on the whole surface of the pottery first and then the red paint was used to outline the pattern. These discoveries suggest that the lacquer craftsmanship in the Chengdu Plain can be dated back at least as far as the middle or late Western Zhou Dynasty.
In order to explore the history and technology of lacquer manufacture in Chengdu, a batch of painted pottery objects unearthed in the first session of archaeological excavation the Xinyicun Site of Shierqiao district in Chengdu in 2010were analyzed via radiocarbon dating through accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS14C), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Optical Microscopy (OM), Micro Laser Raman Spectroscopy (MicroRaman) and XRay Fluorescence (XRF). The results of these studies showed these objects were probably used during from middle or late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period. The pottery was made of fusible clay, the black and red painting layers were Chinese lacquer mixed with carbon black and cinnabar (HgS), respectively. A layer of black lacquer was brushed on the whole surface of the pottery first and then the red paint was used to outline the pattern. These discoveries suggest that the lacquer craftsmanship in the Chengdu Plain can be dated back at least as far as the middle or late Western Zhou Dynasty.
2014, 26(2):97-103.
Abstract:
In recent years the study of biodeterioration of wall paintings has caught attention of numerous relics conservators. In addition, there has been great progress in methods for protecting such paintings. This paper first describes biological factors causing biodeterioration, then reviews recent achievements in research on the prevention of wall painting biodeterioration. Five factorssmall animals, insects, plants, microbes and human visitorsare considered, and their effects on the wall paintings are discussed. Protection methods and future research are also discussed. The key to prevent damage by small animals is keeping them out by physical methods; for insects, elimination of the plants that insects rely on is important, as is controlling the insects that feed on other insects; for microorganisms, certain inorganic materials that can prevent the growth of microorganisms can replace currently used biocides; for plants, how to get rid of harmful plants and make use of beneficial plants is the focus of future research; for visitors, the use of replicas or digital images is an effective measure. This research will provide important guidance for scientific conservation of wall paintings.
In recent years the study of biodeterioration of wall paintings has caught attention of numerous relics conservators. In addition, there has been great progress in methods for protecting such paintings. This paper first describes biological factors causing biodeterioration, then reviews recent achievements in research on the prevention of wall painting biodeterioration. Five factorssmall animals, insects, plants, microbes and human visitorsare considered, and their effects on the wall paintings are discussed. Protection methods and future research are also discussed. The key to prevent damage by small animals is keeping them out by physical methods; for insects, elimination of the plants that insects rely on is important, as is controlling the insects that feed on other insects; for microorganisms, certain inorganic materials that can prevent the growth of microorganisms can replace currently used biocides; for plants, how to get rid of harmful plants and make use of beneficial plants is the focus of future research; for visitors, the use of replicas or digital images is an effective measure. This research will provide important guidance for scientific conservation of wall paintings.
2014, 26(2):115-123.
Abstract:
Paper cultural relics are fragile and therefore very few are preserved today. The older the paper, the rare they are. Paper relics are very precious and the preservation and research on paper relics is of great significance. Routine analysis of the properties of paper usually damages them. Noninvasive and microinvasive methods need to be more fully explored. This article introduces the physical properties of paper, fiber morphology and the papermaking process. Scanning electron microscopy and other analytical methods are described. Noninvasive and minimally invasive analysis methods on paper cultural relics can yield information about composition, the period when they were made, the process of manufacture, the degree of pounding of the pulp and the fiber ratios.
Paper cultural relics are fragile and therefore very few are preserved today. The older the paper, the rare they are. Paper relics are very precious and the preservation and research on paper relics is of great significance. Routine analysis of the properties of paper usually damages them. Noninvasive and microinvasive methods need to be more fully explored. This article introduces the physical properties of paper, fiber morphology and the papermaking process. Scanning electron microscopy and other analytical methods are described. Noninvasive and minimally invasive analysis methods on paper cultural relics can yield information about composition, the period when they were made, the process of manufacture, the degree of pounding of the pulp and the fiber ratios.
XIA Yin
,
LI Man
,
ZHANG ShangXin
,
FU QianLi
,
HUANG JianHua
,
YAN Shumei
,
SUN ZhiChao
,
XU Jun
,
ZHOU Tie
2013, 25(4):114-119.
Abstract:
It has been found that buildings can protect site museums against cracking, collapse and disease phenomena caused by wind, rain, sunshine and other harmful effectors. However, soluble salt migration and mold can also lead to site damage and loss of surface information. In this article, the damage caused by soluble salts and mold is discussed, along with their causes, affecting factors and treatments. Feasible protective methods were also investigated.
It has been found that buildings can protect site museums against cracking, collapse and disease phenomena caused by wind, rain, sunshine and other harmful effectors. However, soluble salt migration and mold can also lead to site damage and loss of surface information. In this article, the damage caused by soluble salts and mold is discussed, along with their causes, affecting factors and treatments. Feasible protective methods were also investigated.
2013, 25(4):65-72.
Abstract:
The Five Northern Provinces'' Assembly Hall has the largest mural in Shaanxi Province. In order to get information on pigments used, paint layer samples were examined and analyzed by polarized light microscopy, microscopic examination on crosssections, xray fluorescence, xray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with an energydispersive spectrometer (SEMEDS). The results show that only one red dyestuff was found in the main hall, other colorants are all inorganic. Red pigments are red lead, cinnabar and red ochre. Green ones are atacamite, malachite and botallackite. Blue pigments include Prussian blue, smalt and azurite. Yellow pigments are orpiment and yellow ochre. Brown pigments are mostly iron red ochre and PbO2, an aging product of red lead. Black is flame carbons. White pigment is white lead, and lead white was also mixed with other colors for use. The research result suggested the study of the pigments used at the Five Northern Provinces'' Assembly Hall is important for understanding the mural painting technique used during the Qing Dynasty and architecture murals in the Shaanxi area.
The Five Northern Provinces'' Assembly Hall has the largest mural in Shaanxi Province. In order to get information on pigments used, paint layer samples were examined and analyzed by polarized light microscopy, microscopic examination on crosssections, xray fluorescence, xray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with an energydispersive spectrometer (SEMEDS). The results show that only one red dyestuff was found in the main hall, other colorants are all inorganic. Red pigments are red lead, cinnabar and red ochre. Green ones are atacamite, malachite and botallackite. Blue pigments include Prussian blue, smalt and azurite. Yellow pigments are orpiment and yellow ochre. Brown pigments are mostly iron red ochre and PbO2, an aging product of red lead. Black is flame carbons. White pigment is white lead, and lead white was also mixed with other colors for use. The research result suggested the study of the pigments used at the Five Northern Provinces'' Assembly Hall is important for understanding the mural painting technique used during the Qing Dynasty and architecture murals in the Shaanxi area.
14 Restoration of an embroidered coffin cover unearthed from the
No. 1 Han Dynasty tomb at Xiejiaqiao
2010, 22(3):55-60.
Abstract:
Four different pieces of coffin covers were excavated from the No. I Han Dynasty tomb at Xiejiaqiao in Jingzhou. The covers have different textures, unique designs,magnificent ornamentation and excellent craftsman- ship. They are the first of their kind found in China. They are precious , authentic examples of materials for the study of clothing , silk weaving technology and the handicraft industry in the early Western Han Dynasty. Because of corro- sion due to their having been underground for a long time , they were seriously degraded and were very fragile. Resto- ration was necessary. One of the four covers was first observed visually , and then its micro ~ structure was analyzed under a microscope and the damage carefully surveyed. It was decided that a sewing method would be applied to the top and the edges of the object. Because of its large size, the repair work has to be done section by section. After conservation , the cover was displayed in the Museum of the Nanyue King , Guangzhou , giving visitors an opportunity to observe such a rare , ancient textile. This conservation procedure could be an example for the conservation of simi- lar textiles in China.
Four different pieces of coffin covers were excavated from the No. I Han Dynasty tomb at Xiejiaqiao in Jingzhou. The covers have different textures, unique designs,magnificent ornamentation and excellent craftsman- ship. They are the first of their kind found in China. They are precious , authentic examples of materials for the study of clothing , silk weaving technology and the handicraft industry in the early Western Han Dynasty. Because of corro- sion due to their having been underground for a long time , they were seriously degraded and were very fragile. Resto- ration was necessary. One of the four covers was first observed visually , and then its micro ~ structure was analyzed under a microscope and the damage carefully surveyed. It was decided that a sewing method would be applied to the top and the edges of the object. Because of its large size, the repair work has to be done section by section. After conservation , the cover was displayed in the Museum of the Nanyue King , Guangzhou , giving visitors an opportunity to observe such a rare , ancient textile. This conservation procedure could be an example for the conservation of simi- lar textiles in China.
2011, 23(1):68-71.
Abstract:
An image-based modeling technique is described that can reconstruct 3D models of objects directly from two-dimensional digital images.This research introduces the basic method and principles of image-based modeling.This technique was used to build a 3D model of a statue on the campus of Chongqing University.This image-based modeling technique could be used in the case of natural disasters or accidents for construction of a 3D model and,therefore,be used for the restoration of cultural relics.The technique has practical value and various potential applications.
An image-based modeling technique is described that can reconstruct 3D models of objects directly from two-dimensional digital images.This research introduces the basic method and principles of image-based modeling.This technique was used to build a 3D model of a statue on the campus of Chongqing University.This image-based modeling technique could be used in the case of natural disasters or accidents for construction of a 3D model and,therefore,be used for the restoration of cultural relics.The technique has practical value and various potential applications.
2011, 23(3):96-102.
Abstract:
The monitoring of museum environment is an effective method for the preventive conservation of precious cultural relics. In order to apply the technique of Internet Of Things in the monitoring of museum environment, the clean concept for museum environment and preventive conservation is described. The characteristics and demands for monitoring temperature and relative humidity, air pollutants, light radiation and harmful beings are analyzed. The successful cases of Wireless Sensor Network technique in several important exhibitions are listed. It is vital to control the risk of museum environment by means of developing the monitoring technique especially suitable for museum environment.
The monitoring of museum environment is an effective method for the preventive conservation of precious cultural relics. In order to apply the technique of Internet Of Things in the monitoring of museum environment, the clean concept for museum environment and preventive conservation is described. The characteristics and demands for monitoring temperature and relative humidity, air pollutants, light radiation and harmful beings are analyzed. The successful cases of Wireless Sensor Network technique in several important exhibitions are listed. It is vital to control the risk of museum environment by means of developing the monitoring technique especially suitable for museum environment.
17 Composition and phase constitution of pattern layers of Chu style Ge
from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty
2011, 23(4):1-7.
Abstract:
In order to study the treatment technique used in Chu style Ge having patterns from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) were used to examine the composition, microstructure, phase constitution and manufacture techniques of patterns in the Chu style Ge collection from Shanghai Museum. It was found that the thickness of high tin content layers of Chu style Ge is not uniform, although most of the layers are around 10 micrometers thick. In some areas the high tin layer are composed of 4 different phases: η phase, ε phase, δ phase, and (α+δ) phase. No obvious boundary was observed between the high tin layer and its substrate. Based on previous research on high tin techniques, it was found that patterns of the Chu style Ge share the same characteristics as technique as those seen in other areas, namely that they were made by hot tinning. However, the Chu style Ge have their own distinct regional tinning control techniques.
In order to study the treatment technique used in Chu style Ge having patterns from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) were used to examine the composition, microstructure, phase constitution and manufacture techniques of patterns in the Chu style Ge collection from Shanghai Museum. It was found that the thickness of high tin content layers of Chu style Ge is not uniform, although most of the layers are around 10 micrometers thick. In some areas the high tin layer are composed of 4 different phases: η phase, ε phase, δ phase, and (α+δ) phase. No obvious boundary was observed between the high tin layer and its substrate. Based on previous research on high tin techniques, it was found that patterns of the Chu style Ge share the same characteristics as technique as those seen in other areas, namely that they were made by hot tinning. However, the Chu style Ge have their own distinct regional tinning control techniques.
2013, 25(4):24-36.
Abstract:
From the early to the late Western Han dynasty (206B.C. 9A.D.), the ingate shape and mold cavity arrangement used in the bunchcasting of bronze coins underwent change. In this paper, computer simulated casting processes were used to study the effect of ingate shape and mold cavity on mold filling and solidification. The results showed the following:1) The mold cavity arrangement has little impact on the mold filling time. 2) The design inside the mold has an effect on the molding process:when the inner mold is straight in the middle, it is likely to cause air bubble and other defects. 3) The ingate shape influences both the mold filling process and mold filling time, but has little effect on the solidification process, with regard to the coin's shape. From the middle to the late Western Han Dynasty, an oblique inner mold was commonly used, suggesting that the Han Dynasty technician already understood the effect of the inner mold on the molding process, and therefore could selectively choose a better inner mold design. During the coin molding process, a shortened filling time is desired, preliminary to the molding process. Since the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, an inner mold that had a shorter filling time was commonly used to increase the filling capability, and meanwhile, increased qualification yield.
From the early to the late Western Han dynasty (206B.C. 9A.D.), the ingate shape and mold cavity arrangement used in the bunchcasting of bronze coins underwent change. In this paper, computer simulated casting processes were used to study the effect of ingate shape and mold cavity on mold filling and solidification. The results showed the following:1) The mold cavity arrangement has little impact on the mold filling time. 2) The design inside the mold has an effect on the molding process:when the inner mold is straight in the middle, it is likely to cause air bubble and other defects. 3) The ingate shape influences both the mold filling process and mold filling time, but has little effect on the solidification process, with regard to the coin's shape. From the middle to the late Western Han Dynasty, an oblique inner mold was commonly used, suggesting that the Han Dynasty technician already understood the effect of the inner mold on the molding process, and therefore could selectively choose a better inner mold design. During the coin molding process, a shortened filling time is desired, preliminary to the molding process. Since the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, an inner mold that had a shorter filling time was commonly used to increase the filling capability, and meanwhile, increased qualification yield.
2011, 23(3):16-21.
Abstract:
This article aims to describe the characteristics of cultural heritage data and the design of cultural heritage database by analyzing progressively the characters of both heritage and heritage data, as well as the requirements for the management and application of heritage database. Moreover, combined with the development plan of informatization and the characteristics of information technology, the contents and technologies of heritage database design are summarized to explore the ideas, methods and contents of heritage database construction in the field of heritage museum area.
This article aims to describe the characteristics of cultural heritage data and the design of cultural heritage database by analyzing progressively the characters of both heritage and heritage data, as well as the requirements for the management and application of heritage database. Moreover, combined with the development plan of informatization and the characteristics of information technology, the contents and technologies of heritage database design are summarized to explore the ideas, methods and contents of heritage database construction in the field of heritage museum area.
2011, 23(3):89-95.
Abstract:
Setting out from global perspective of utilizing Internet of Things in the cultural heritage informatization construction and basing on characteristics and unique needs of JinSha National Archaeological Site Park, this essay describs the utilization of Internet of Things in Jinsha National Archaeological Park, including the internal information management system, the public service demonstration system and the network information transmission and service system. It also makes deep thinking to the aspects of necessity and importance in the long-term informatization construction of cultural heritage.
Setting out from global perspective of utilizing Internet of Things in the cultural heritage informatization construction and basing on characteristics and unique needs of JinSha National Archaeological Site Park, this essay describs the utilization of Internet of Things in Jinsha National Archaeological Park, including the internal information management system, the public service demonstration system and the network information transmission and service system. It also makes deep thinking to the aspects of necessity and importance in the long-term informatization construction of cultural heritage.
