Most downloaded articles
1 Application of polarized light microscopy in the fiber detection of paper used in Mustang archives
2021, 33(2):52-60.
DOI: 10.16334/i.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20200501744
Abstract:
With the development of non-destructive and micro-destructive testing technologies, micro-analysis of paper used in archives has been increasingly applied. At present, the most commonly-used method for paper fiber observation and detection is the staining method in conjunction with optical microscopy; however, this method depends greatly on the quality of staining agents. Polarized light microscopy can be used without staining fibers and thus provides a better way for fiber identification from the perspective of fiber morphological characteristics. By reviewing the related research on the application of polarized light microscopy in the detection and analysis of paper, it is found that the current research on the fiber detection of paper by this technology is still in the stage of theoretical analysis and lacks practical applications. Observation and analysis of the fiber morphology and other components of paper used in Mustang archives using polarized light microscopy illustrate the effective application and the unique advantages of this method for the observation and identification of paper fibers used in archives and for the distinguishment between fibers and other cells or crystals in papermaking pulp.
With the development of non-destructive and micro-destructive testing technologies, micro-analysis of paper used in archives has been increasingly applied. At present, the most commonly-used method for paper fiber observation and detection is the staining method in conjunction with optical microscopy; however, this method depends greatly on the quality of staining agents. Polarized light microscopy can be used without staining fibers and thus provides a better way for fiber identification from the perspective of fiber morphological characteristics. By reviewing the related research on the application of polarized light microscopy in the detection and analysis of paper, it is found that the current research on the fiber detection of paper by this technology is still in the stage of theoretical analysis and lacks practical applications. Observation and analysis of the fiber morphology and other components of paper used in Mustang archives using polarized light microscopy illustrate the effective application and the unique advantages of this method for the observation and identification of paper fibers used in archives and for the distinguishment between fibers and other cells or crystals in papermaking pulp.
2020, 32(6):40-44.
Abstract:
Painted clay figurines in the Thousands of Buddha Hall of Chongqing Temple in Zhangzi County, Shanxi Province, have been gilded to varying degrees. Coatings on the gilded surfaces had aged and turned brown, but it was feared that cleaning using existing technologies might damage the gold leaves. In order to solve the problem, samples taken from the back light positions of Sakyamuni were analyzed by cross-section microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectrometry. The results show that the original coatings had curled and peeled off, and that the remaining component was raw lacquer. Based on these results, tests were conducted to find a suitable agent for cleaning the coating; NYC solution was screened. The solution dissolved the coatings and then rice paper was used to absorb liquid on the surface of the figurine. The whole process was gentle and did not damage the gold leaves.
Painted clay figurines in the Thousands of Buddha Hall of Chongqing Temple in Zhangzi County, Shanxi Province, have been gilded to varying degrees. Coatings on the gilded surfaces had aged and turned brown, but it was feared that cleaning using existing technologies might damage the gold leaves. In order to solve the problem, samples taken from the back light positions of Sakyamuni were analyzed by cross-section microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectrometry. The results show that the original coatings had curled and peeled off, and that the remaining component was raw lacquer. Based on these results, tests were conducted to find a suitable agent for cleaning the coating; NYC solution was screened. The solution dissolved the coatings and then rice paper was used to absorb liquid on the surface of the figurine. The whole process was gentle and did not damage the gold leaves.
2020, 32(5):135-143.
Abstract:
Subashi Buddhist Temple used to be an important node connecting China and foreign countries along the ancient Silk Road. The study of unearthed objects from this site can provide a significant reference for the analysis of the exchange and integration of Chinese and foreign cultures and the circulation and prosperity of trade along the Silk Road. In our study, we used X-ray photography, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, ultra-depth 3D video microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and other scientific and technological analysis methods, as well as relevant literature, to discuss the functions of two metal products unearthed from Subashi Buddhist Temple. It was preliminarily determined that one sample was used to poke copper coins in West Turk and it has been speculated that the other sample was a silver-like metal product and that natural aluminum was applied on the surface. The analytical results provide an important reference for studying the economic and cultural exchanges between the countries of the Western Regions along the Silk Road during the Sui and Tang Dynasties and also those between the Central Plains and the Western countries.
Subashi Buddhist Temple used to be an important node connecting China and foreign countries along the ancient Silk Road. The study of unearthed objects from this site can provide a significant reference for the analysis of the exchange and integration of Chinese and foreign cultures and the circulation and prosperity of trade along the Silk Road. In our study, we used X-ray photography, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, ultra-depth 3D video microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and other scientific and technological analysis methods, as well as relevant literature, to discuss the functions of two metal products unearthed from Subashi Buddhist Temple. It was preliminarily determined that one sample was used to poke copper coins in West Turk and it has been speculated that the other sample was a silver-like metal product and that natural aluminum was applied on the surface. The analytical results provide an important reference for studying the economic and cultural exchanges between the countries of the Western Regions along the Silk Road during the Sui and Tang Dynasties and also those between the Central Plains and the Western countries.
2020, 32(5):45-50.
Abstract:
In order to discuss the corrosion mechanism of tin film, and prevent the efflorescence and fragments falling off Tin-coated pottery, microphotography, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction methods were used to analyze the tin. The film contained β-tin, α-tin, stannic oxide and stannous oxide. The corrosion mechanism of the tin film is discussed in combination with the test results. It was found that β-tin irreversibly turns into α-tin, with a lower density, below 13.2 ℃ and thus the volume expansion is the major cause of tin corrosion. Methods for the reinforcement and pasting back of tin film were selected and the treatment effect on two Tin-coated objects was good. In addition, according to the characteristics of Tin-coated pottery, some suggestions on preservation environment are also put forward in the paper.
In order to discuss the corrosion mechanism of tin film, and prevent the efflorescence and fragments falling off Tin-coated pottery, microphotography, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction methods were used to analyze the tin. The film contained β-tin, α-tin, stannic oxide and stannous oxide. The corrosion mechanism of the tin film is discussed in combination with the test results. It was found that β-tin irreversibly turns into α-tin, with a lower density, below 13.2 ℃ and thus the volume expansion is the major cause of tin corrosion. Methods for the reinforcement and pasting back of tin film were selected and the treatment effect on two Tin-coated objects was good. In addition, according to the characteristics of Tin-coated pottery, some suggestions on preservation environment are also put forward in the paper.
CUI Qiang
,
ZHANG Yaxu
,
SHUI Biwen
,
YU Zongren
,
FAN Zaixuan
,
SHAN Zhongwei
,
CHENG Xiaolin
,
SU Bomin
2020, 32(6):87-94.
Abstract:
The chromogenic copper and arsenic-containing green and blue-green pigments of rock carvings at Big Buddha Bay in Dazu, Chongqing, were investigated and analyzed using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), portable microscopy and other non-destructive analysis methods in combination with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and micro Raman spectrometry (RM). The results show that the chromogenic component of the green pigment is emerald green , and that of blue-green pigment is lavendulan [NaCaCu5(AsO4)4Cl·5H2O]. Also, it is inferred that lavendulan is a discoloration product of emerald green, based on this research. This work provides new clues to and methods for research on the chromogenic changes in modern synthetic pigments.
The chromogenic copper and arsenic-containing green and blue-green pigments of rock carvings at Big Buddha Bay in Dazu, Chongqing, were investigated and analyzed using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), portable microscopy and other non-destructive analysis methods in combination with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and micro Raman spectrometry (RM). The results show that the chromogenic component of the green pigment is emerald green , and that of blue-green pigment is lavendulan [NaCaCu5(AsO4)4Cl·5H2O]. Also, it is inferred that lavendulan is a discoloration product of emerald green, based on this research. This work provides new clues to and methods for research on the chromogenic changes in modern synthetic pigments.
2020, 32(6):78-86.
Abstract:
The Tibetan Tripitaka is a collection of the Tibetan versions of Indian Buddhist classics and writings, and is of high historical, scientific and artistic value. In this work, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), Raman spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), microbial purification & cultivation technology, molecular biology identification technology and high-throughput sequencing method were applied to a sample (S1) Tibetan Tripitaka paper with gold writing and 2 samples (B1 and B2) coated with microorganisms of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It was found that 1) the gold writing material is particles of a gold-silver-copper alloy containing Au (72.8%—75.6%), Ag (22.8%—26.0%) and Cu (1.2%—1.6%), indicating a relatively low purity of gold mud used; 2) paper was dyed with indigo, coated with graphite; 3) pH value is 7.0—7.5, suggesting that it has not been acidified and 4) a large number of fungal spores scattered among paper fibers. The microbial secretions are one of the main causes of paper adhesion during the preservation. The results of microbial purification and cultivation and molecular biology identification show that the green mold on the surface of Tripitaka Sample B2 is Aspergillus fumigatus. The high-throughput sequencing results show that the microbial species attached to the surface of Tripitaka Sample B1 included Chaetomium sp., Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp. and Beauveria sp., etc.
The Tibetan Tripitaka is a collection of the Tibetan versions of Indian Buddhist classics and writings, and is of high historical, scientific and artistic value. In this work, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), Raman spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), microbial purification & cultivation technology, molecular biology identification technology and high-throughput sequencing method were applied to a sample (S1) Tibetan Tripitaka paper with gold writing and 2 samples (B1 and B2) coated with microorganisms of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It was found that 1) the gold writing material is particles of a gold-silver-copper alloy containing Au (72.8%—75.6%), Ag (22.8%—26.0%) and Cu (1.2%—1.6%), indicating a relatively low purity of gold mud used; 2) paper was dyed with indigo, coated with graphite; 3) pH value is 7.0—7.5, suggesting that it has not been acidified and 4) a large number of fungal spores scattered among paper fibers. The microbial secretions are one of the main causes of paper adhesion during the preservation. The results of microbial purification and cultivation and molecular biology identification show that the green mold on the surface of Tripitaka Sample B2 is Aspergillus fumigatus. The high-throughput sequencing results show that the microbial species attached to the surface of Tripitaka Sample B1 included Chaetomium sp., Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp. and Beauveria sp., etc.
2014, 26(2):115-123.
Abstract:
Paper cultural relics are fragile and therefore very few are preserved today. The older the paper, the rare they are. Paper relics are very precious and the preservation and research on paper relics is of great significance. Routine analysis of the properties of paper usually damages them. Noninvasive and microinvasive methods need to be more fully explored. This article introduces the physical properties of paper, fiber morphology and the papermaking process. Scanning electron microscopy and other analytical methods are described. Noninvasive and minimally invasive analysis methods on paper cultural relics can yield information about composition, the period when they were made, the process of manufacture, the degree of pounding of the pulp and the fiber ratios.
Paper cultural relics are fragile and therefore very few are preserved today. The older the paper, the rare they are. Paper relics are very precious and the preservation and research on paper relics is of great significance. Routine analysis of the properties of paper usually damages them. Noninvasive and microinvasive methods need to be more fully explored. This article introduces the physical properties of paper, fiber morphology and the papermaking process. Scanning electron microscopy and other analytical methods are described. Noninvasive and minimally invasive analysis methods on paper cultural relics can yield information about composition, the period when they were made, the process of manufacture, the degree of pounding of the pulp and the fiber ratios.
2018, 30(5):1-8.
Abstract:
Sand pottery is a very important kind of pottery that was widely used as daily utensils (especially for cooking) by ancient peoples. In this study, we used confocal micro-Raman spectrometry to analyze the admixture of the sand potteries unearthed from the Xipo Site in Lingbao, Henan province. We discuss the types, proportions and sources of the minerals. The results show that the admixture of the reddish-brown sand potteries unearthed at the Xipo Site include mainly feldspar, quartz and mica. The results also show that the proportion of sandy minerals used in some samples can reach about 20%. Moreover, analysis of the stone unearthed from the site shows that its phase composition is similar to the admixture found in the pots. In addition, based also on the analysis of sand pottery from the Liangzhu Ancient City Site, we propose that part of the ancient sand pottery admixture was likely to have come from processing wastes of stone tools and jade wares.
Sand pottery is a very important kind of pottery that was widely used as daily utensils (especially for cooking) by ancient peoples. In this study, we used confocal micro-Raman spectrometry to analyze the admixture of the sand potteries unearthed from the Xipo Site in Lingbao, Henan province. We discuss the types, proportions and sources of the minerals. The results show that the admixture of the reddish-brown sand potteries unearthed at the Xipo Site include mainly feldspar, quartz and mica. The results also show that the proportion of sandy minerals used in some samples can reach about 20%. Moreover, analysis of the stone unearthed from the site shows that its phase composition is similar to the admixture found in the pots. In addition, based also on the analysis of sand pottery from the Liangzhu Ancient City Site, we propose that part of the ancient sand pottery admixture was likely to have come from processing wastes of stone tools and jade wares.
NIU Heqiang
,
SHUI Biwen
,
CHEN Zhang
,
FU Youxu
,
SHAN Zhongwei
,
LI Shengqiang
,
YANG Jinli
,
WANG Wanfu
2021, 33(6):94-105.
Abstract:
Qutan Temple in Qinghai Province is a well preserved official architectural complex of the early Ming Dynasty, which integrates ancient architecture, sculpture, color painting and wall painting. The wall paintings of Qutan Hall are of precious materials representing the early Ming Dynasty wall painting art and Buddhist art archaeology. The existing wall paintings of Qutan hall, which have an area of about 217.5 m2, are the classic early Ming Dynasty Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings in the Central Plains. They were analyzed by means of optical microscopy (OM), cross sectional analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. The results of this study show that the wall paintings of Qutan Hall are supported by a brick wall, and that the ground layer is composed of a coarse mud layer and a fine mud layer. The sand content of coarse mud layer is about 60%, while that of fine mud layer is less, about 16%~25%; the total fiber content in plaster is about 3%; the particle size distribution of plaster soil is good, and the particle size is mostly concentrated in the range of 1~100 μm; the plaster contains a small amount of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride; the pigments used in the wall paintings of Qutan Hall are lead, cinnabar, chalcopyrite, parachalcopyrite, stone blue and other mineral pigments; the thickness of the pigment layer is between 20 and 200 μm; the layered application of red lead pigment in Qutan Hall is “lead below, vermilion above”, and shows the phenomenon of lead discoloration. In the wall paintings of Qutan Hall, there is no white ground in Ming Dynasty portion, but there is a white ground from the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. This analysis and research presents information of the Qutan Hall layer structure of wall paintings, the composition of the plaster and the use of pigments, which provides important scientific data for the scientific conservation and further study of the Qutan Hall wall paintings.
Qutan Temple in Qinghai Province is a well preserved official architectural complex of the early Ming Dynasty, which integrates ancient architecture, sculpture, color painting and wall painting. The wall paintings of Qutan Hall are of precious materials representing the early Ming Dynasty wall painting art and Buddhist art archaeology. The existing wall paintings of Qutan hall, which have an area of about 217.5 m2, are the classic early Ming Dynasty Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings in the Central Plains. They were analyzed by means of optical microscopy (OM), cross sectional analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. The results of this study show that the wall paintings of Qutan Hall are supported by a brick wall, and that the ground layer is composed of a coarse mud layer and a fine mud layer. The sand content of coarse mud layer is about 60%, while that of fine mud layer is less, about 16%~25%; the total fiber content in plaster is about 3%; the particle size distribution of plaster soil is good, and the particle size is mostly concentrated in the range of 1~100 μm; the plaster contains a small amount of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride; the pigments used in the wall paintings of Qutan Hall are lead, cinnabar, chalcopyrite, parachalcopyrite, stone blue and other mineral pigments; the thickness of the pigment layer is between 20 and 200 μm; the layered application of red lead pigment in Qutan Hall is “lead below, vermilion above”, and shows the phenomenon of lead discoloration. In the wall paintings of Qutan Hall, there is no white ground in Ming Dynasty portion, but there is a white ground from the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. This analysis and research presents information of the Qutan Hall layer structure of wall paintings, the composition of the plaster and the use of pigments, which provides important scientific data for the scientific conservation and further study of the Qutan Hall wall paintings.
2018, 30(5):15-23.
Abstract:
In this work, the Five-Dynasty sky-green porcelains of the Yaozhou Kiln were studied. In order to investigate the coloring and translucency mechanism in the sky-green porcelains, we analyzed the chemical composition, phase, chemical state of the coloring elements and microstructure, using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). The results indicate that the main colorant is ferric oxide (Fe2O3), and that the scattering effect of the physical structures (residual crystals and phase separation droplets) can deepen or weaken the chemical color in the glaze. Furthermore, this scattering effect also affects the color saturation and opacity of glaze surfaces to some extent. Analysis of the white body indicates that the translucency is related to the absorption effect of coloring oxides and the scattering effect of crystal boundaries and residual micropores. Low contents of ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and ferrotitanium solid solution greatly decreased the absorption of incident light. In addition, small amounts of crystal boundaries and residual bubbles also weaken the scattering of incident light. As a result, the sky-green porcelains exhibit good translucence.
In this work, the Five-Dynasty sky-green porcelains of the Yaozhou Kiln were studied. In order to investigate the coloring and translucency mechanism in the sky-green porcelains, we analyzed the chemical composition, phase, chemical state of the coloring elements and microstructure, using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). The results indicate that the main colorant is ferric oxide (Fe2O3), and that the scattering effect of the physical structures (residual crystals and phase separation droplets) can deepen or weaken the chemical color in the glaze. Furthermore, this scattering effect also affects the color saturation and opacity of glaze surfaces to some extent. Analysis of the white body indicates that the translucency is related to the absorption effect of coloring oxides and the scattering effect of crystal boundaries and residual micropores. Low contents of ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and ferrotitanium solid solution greatly decreased the absorption of incident light. In addition, small amounts of crystal boundaries and residual bubbles also weaken the scattering of incident light. As a result, the sky-green porcelains exhibit good translucence.
2018, 30(4):80-84.
Abstract:
Collotype printing is one of the main replication methods for ancient calligraphy and paintings. Collotype printing can reflect original artistic features of ancient Chinese calligraphy and paintings very well. Therefore, its use can result in certain difficulties in identifying the authenticity of calligraphy and paintings at the same time. In our study, we analyzed collotype printing ink and traditional writing ink using video microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectrometry and Raman spectrometry. The result shows that collotype printing ink and traditional Chinese ink are different in morphology and composition. This could provide a scientific basis for identification of suspected collotype prints.
Collotype printing is one of the main replication methods for ancient calligraphy and paintings. Collotype printing can reflect original artistic features of ancient Chinese calligraphy and paintings very well. Therefore, its use can result in certain difficulties in identifying the authenticity of calligraphy and paintings at the same time. In our study, we analyzed collotype printing ink and traditional writing ink using video microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectrometry and Raman spectrometry. The result shows that collotype printing ink and traditional Chinese ink are different in morphology and composition. This could provide a scientific basis for identification of suspected collotype prints.
2018, 30(2):20-27.
Abstract:
In archaeological excavation sites, it is often difficult to extract extremely fragile cultural relics and move them to laboratories. First of all, cultural relics must be reinforced temporarily before being relocated. In recent years, new revolutionary types of volatile solid materials for temporary reinforcement, such as menthol and cyclododecane, etc., have been successfully applied in some excavation sites. However, there are still some issues to be addressed. For example, can these materials be used in highly moist archaeological sites? How is their working performance？ In this study, in terms of the working properties of the materials, and the construction technology and safety of cultural relics, menthol, coumarin, ethyl maltol and cyclododecane were selected as materials for study in a small field experiment carried out at the Liangzhu work station of the Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute of Zhejiang Province. This work could serve as a reference for archaeological or conservation workers who wish to select suitable temporary reinforcement materials to extract extremely fragile cultural relics in moist excavation sites.
In archaeological excavation sites, it is often difficult to extract extremely fragile cultural relics and move them to laboratories. First of all, cultural relics must be reinforced temporarily before being relocated. In recent years, new revolutionary types of volatile solid materials for temporary reinforcement, such as menthol and cyclododecane, etc., have been successfully applied in some excavation sites. However, there are still some issues to be addressed. For example, can these materials be used in highly moist archaeological sites? How is their working performance？ In this study, in terms of the working properties of the materials, and the construction technology and safety of cultural relics, menthol, coumarin, ethyl maltol and cyclododecane were selected as materials for study in a small field experiment carried out at the Liangzhu work station of the Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute of Zhejiang Province. This work could serve as a reference for archaeological or conservation workers who wish to select suitable temporary reinforcement materials to extract extremely fragile cultural relics in moist excavation sites.
2018, 30(4):26-33.
Abstract:
Raman spectroscopy is a very powerful tool for identifying the corrosion products of copper alloys. In our study, the Raman spectra of five chloride-containing corrosion products (atacamite, clinoatacamite, botallackite, sampleite and connellite) from ancient bronze and copper objects were obtained, and the morphology of corrosion products was observed with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the Raman spectra of atacamite, clinoatacamite and botallackite (they are isomeric substances) are different. Atacamite and clinoatacamite are more commonly-seen and often mixed together.Scanning electron microscopy reveals that atacamite is mainly granular morphologically, although grape-like, crustacean-like and stalactitic ones have also been found. Botallackite is very rare because of its instability, and is generally mixed with the other two. Currently it has only been observed in the shape of plates. Sampleite corrosion products are thick, loose and soft, often found on bronze objects in arid areas or from tombs with animal or human remains. The SEM photomicrograph shows a form of closed buds with multiple petal-like crystal components. Connellite is even rarer and has only been detected on two objects. The reasons for the formation of five corrosion products are also discussed in this paper.
Raman spectroscopy is a very powerful tool for identifying the corrosion products of copper alloys. In our study, the Raman spectra of five chloride-containing corrosion products (atacamite, clinoatacamite, botallackite, sampleite and connellite) from ancient bronze and copper objects were obtained, and the morphology of corrosion products was observed with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the Raman spectra of atacamite, clinoatacamite and botallackite (they are isomeric substances) are different. Atacamite and clinoatacamite are more commonly-seen and often mixed together.Scanning electron microscopy reveals that atacamite is mainly granular morphologically, although grape-like, crustacean-like and stalactitic ones have also been found. Botallackite is very rare because of its instability, and is generally mixed with the other two. Currently it has only been observed in the shape of plates. Sampleite corrosion products are thick, loose and soft, often found on bronze objects in arid areas or from tombs with animal or human remains. The SEM photomicrograph shows a form of closed buds with multiple petal-like crystal components. Connellite is even rarer and has only been detected on two objects. The reasons for the formation of five corrosion products are also discussed in this paper.
2018, 30(3):94-102.
Abstract:
To investigate the structural component importance of traditional Chinese timber structures, we took post-and-lintel and column-and-tie timber structures, two typical residential timber structures in Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas, as the research targets. Based on energy method, the change of unit volume towards the strain energy of the whole structure after component attribute alteration was employed as the component importance evaluation index. By the finite element software Ansys (16.0), an implementing procedure was developed to assess the component importance of traditional timber structures using the element birth-death method and altering elastic modulus method, respectively. The analysis results show that the altering elastic modulus method is more suitable for calculation and analysis of component importance of traditional timber structures. Through the component importance analysis of one single and the whole frame under the vertical loads and the horizontal seismic action, the component importance coefficient and the sorting results of post-and-lintel and column-and-tie timber structures were obtained and the key components of traditional timber structures were thus selected accordingly. In addition, the analysis results can provide a scientific and reasonable theoretical basis for the determination of critical components of traditional timber heritages in the process of maintenance and structural health monitoring.
To investigate the structural component importance of traditional Chinese timber structures, we took post-and-lintel and column-and-tie timber structures, two typical residential timber structures in Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas, as the research targets. Based on energy method, the change of unit volume towards the strain energy of the whole structure after component attribute alteration was employed as the component importance evaluation index. By the finite element software Ansys (16.0), an implementing procedure was developed to assess the component importance of traditional timber structures using the element birth-death method and altering elastic modulus method, respectively. The analysis results show that the altering elastic modulus method is more suitable for calculation and analysis of component importance of traditional timber structures. Through the component importance analysis of one single and the whole frame under the vertical loads and the horizontal seismic action, the component importance coefficient and the sorting results of post-and-lintel and column-and-tie timber structures were obtained and the key components of traditional timber structures were thus selected accordingly. In addition, the analysis results can provide a scientific and reasonable theoretical basis for the determination of critical components of traditional timber heritages in the process of maintenance and structural health monitoring.
2018, 30(4):70-79.
Abstract:
In our study, four full-scale through-mortise and tenon joints were designed and manufactured according to the engineering practice regulations by the Qing Ministry of Works. Three of them were strengthened with various materials:bamboo bracing, angle steel and carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheet. We carried out low cyclic reversed loading tests by improving the quasi-static test setup for mortise and tenon joints to analyze the failure mechanism, load bearing capacity, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and process of separation between mortise and tenon. The results show that in comparison with the reference joint, the peak loads in the positive direction of the joints strengthened with bamboo bracing, angle steel and CFRP sheet increased by 92.4%, 54.6% and 63.0% respectively, while the peak loads in the negative direction increased by 61.5%,75.7% and 39.0% respectively. The stiffness of the reference joint and the joint strengthened with angle steel were almost the same initially, and both increased at first and decreased then as the angle of rotation increased. Meanwhile, stiffness of joints strengthened with bamboo bracing and CFRP sheet were dramatically greater than that of the reference joint initially and showed a monotone decrease with an increase of the angle of rotation. In addition, the extracting length of tenons of joints strengthened with bamboo bracing and angle steel were obviously smaller than that of the reference joint at the same rotation levels, indicating that bamboo bracing and angle steel both had contributions to delaying the extraction of tenon.
In our study, four full-scale through-mortise and tenon joints were designed and manufactured according to the engineering practice regulations by the Qing Ministry of Works. Three of them were strengthened with various materials:bamboo bracing, angle steel and carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheet. We carried out low cyclic reversed loading tests by improving the quasi-static test setup for mortise and tenon joints to analyze the failure mechanism, load bearing capacity, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and process of separation between mortise and tenon. The results show that in comparison with the reference joint, the peak loads in the positive direction of the joints strengthened with bamboo bracing, angle steel and CFRP sheet increased by 92.4%, 54.6% and 63.0% respectively, while the peak loads in the negative direction increased by 61.5%,75.7% and 39.0% respectively. The stiffness of the reference joint and the joint strengthened with angle steel were almost the same initially, and both increased at first and decreased then as the angle of rotation increased. Meanwhile, stiffness of joints strengthened with bamboo bracing and CFRP sheet were dramatically greater than that of the reference joint initially and showed a monotone decrease with an increase of the angle of rotation. In addition, the extracting length of tenons of joints strengthened with bamboo bracing and angle steel were obviously smaller than that of the reference joint at the same rotation levels, indicating that bamboo bracing and angle steel both had contributions to delaying the extraction of tenon.
2018, 30(4):1-10.
Abstract:
Twelve hairpins, unearthed from the tomb of Empress Xiao of Emperor Sui Yang in Yangzhou in 2013, have been so far identified exactly as a group of hairpins, the owner of which was at the empress level in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In our study, using a variety of modern analysis methods including X-ray flaw detection,microscopic observation,scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) micro-spectrometry, etc., to test and analyze this set of hairpins, we found the morphological structures, decorative features, material properties and craft characteristics of these hairpins. The results above could provide a scientific basis for in-depth research of women’s hairpins in the Sui and Tang Dynasties in the fields of archaeology, technology history and art history.
Twelve hairpins, unearthed from the tomb of Empress Xiao of Emperor Sui Yang in Yangzhou in 2013, have been so far identified exactly as a group of hairpins, the owner of which was at the empress level in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In our study, using a variety of modern analysis methods including X-ray flaw detection,microscopic observation,scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) micro-spectrometry, etc., to test and analyze this set of hairpins, we found the morphological structures, decorative features, material properties and craft characteristics of these hairpins. The results above could provide a scientific basis for in-depth research of women’s hairpins in the Sui and Tang Dynasties in the fields of archaeology, technology history and art history.
2018, 30(4):60-69.
Abstract:
In order to study the diseases and preservation state of the Qianlong imperial monument located in the Beijing Capital Museum, we evaluated the degree of its weathering, the development of surface fissures, and its surface contamination and discoloration using a variety of nondestructive and small-sample invasive techniques such as digital photography, nonmetal ultrasonic detection, tape bonding force testing, as well as the use of a portable chromometer and a portable video microscope. The results show that surface pollution and discoloration are the main diseases of the Qianlong imperial monument. Slight crusting, scaling, erosion and fissure development also exist on some parts of the monument, but overall the degree of weathering is not severe.So far, the Qianlong imperial monument is in a fairly good state of preservation. This study could provide a reference for subsequent protection measures.
In order to study the diseases and preservation state of the Qianlong imperial monument located in the Beijing Capital Museum, we evaluated the degree of its weathering, the development of surface fissures, and its surface contamination and discoloration using a variety of nondestructive and small-sample invasive techniques such as digital photography, nonmetal ultrasonic detection, tape bonding force testing, as well as the use of a portable chromometer and a portable video microscope. The results show that surface pollution and discoloration are the main diseases of the Qianlong imperial monument. Slight crusting, scaling, erosion and fissure development also exist on some parts of the monument, but overall the degree of weathering is not severe.So far, the Qianlong imperial monument is in a fairly good state of preservation. This study could provide a reference for subsequent protection measures.
2018, 30(4):85-90.
Abstract:
In order to study the preservation of paper cultural relics, raw material composition, production process and causes of disease, scientific research and conservation were carried out on the 1940 Guilin version of the Jiuwang Daily. The functional group structure of the paper fiber was analyzed using a Nicolet 8700 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The paper fiber was observed by a XWY-VI fiber measuring instrument to identify the fiber type; the VHX-1000E video microscope and field emission scanning electron were also used. JSM-6700F microscope was used to analyze the processing of the paper sample and the degree of aging and contaminants to determine whether it is filled or sized. On this basis, in the restoration, the traditional decoration technology and the wire mesh reinforcement technology are combined to protect the cultural relics. The restored cultural relics solved the matching of the missing parts, the wrinkles were flattened, the disease effects were removed, the strength of the paper was enhanced, and the original appearance of the cultural relics was restored, thereby improving the integrity and ornamentation of the cultural relics. Research provides better historical data.
In order to study the preservation of paper cultural relics, raw material composition, production process and causes of disease, scientific research and conservation were carried out on the 1940 Guilin version of the Jiuwang Daily. The functional group structure of the paper fiber was analyzed using a Nicolet 8700 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The paper fiber was observed by a XWY-VI fiber measuring instrument to identify the fiber type; the VHX-1000E video microscope and field emission scanning electron were also used. JSM-6700F microscope was used to analyze the processing of the paper sample and the degree of aging and contaminants to determine whether it is filled or sized. On this basis, in the restoration, the traditional decoration technology and the wire mesh reinforcement technology are combined to protect the cultural relics. The restored cultural relics solved the matching of the missing parts, the wrinkles were flattened, the disease effects were removed, the strength of the paper was enhanced, and the original appearance of the cultural relics was restored, thereby improving the integrity and ornamentation of the cultural relics. Research provides better historical data.
2018, 30(4):99-103.
Abstract:
At the Zhidanyuan Sluice Site of the Yuan Dynasty, the wooden components in the humid environment have been treated with 3-iodo-2-propynyl-butyl-carbamate (IPBC), a fungicide, for eight years. According to a survey in 2012, the total amount of bacteria and fungi were reduced by 89% and 56% in comparison with those recorded in 2007. However, the efficacy period of IPBC has been found to be shortened in recent years. Therefore, we reinvestigated fungal species on the wooden components and reevaluated antifungal effects of IPBC, in order to effectively arrest fungal growth on the water-saturated wooden components of the sluice site. In this study, eight high-abundance molds were isolated from the wooden components. The identification of the strains by morphological characteristics, culture characteristics and DNA-ITS sequence analysis shows that the species are significantly different from the previous ones. Widely distributed are an unclassified fungus and Trichoderma viride which have not been found at the site previously. The antifungal effects of IPBC on these fungi were tested using the method of filter paper fungistasis; the results show that the antifungal agents for wooden relics at the sluice site need to be updated.
At the Zhidanyuan Sluice Site of the Yuan Dynasty, the wooden components in the humid environment have been treated with 3-iodo-2-propynyl-butyl-carbamate (IPBC), a fungicide, for eight years. According to a survey in 2012, the total amount of bacteria and fungi were reduced by 89% and 56% in comparison with those recorded in 2007. However, the efficacy period of IPBC has been found to be shortened in recent years. Therefore, we reinvestigated fungal species on the wooden components and reevaluated antifungal effects of IPBC, in order to effectively arrest fungal growth on the water-saturated wooden components of the sluice site. In this study, eight high-abundance molds were isolated from the wooden components. The identification of the strains by morphological characteristics, culture characteristics and DNA-ITS sequence analysis shows that the species are significantly different from the previous ones. Widely distributed are an unclassified fungus and Trichoderma viride which have not been found at the site previously. The antifungal effects of IPBC on these fungi were tested using the method of filter paper fungistasis; the results show that the antifungal agents for wooden relics at the sluice site need to be updated.
2019, 31(2):14-21.
Abstract:
Unearthed painted pottery is fragile and thus difficult to preserve. In our study, gelatin and waterborne fluorocarbon were selected as reinforcement materials for wet painted pottery. Painted pottery shards having four kinds of color were reinforced using different concentrations of these materials. The strength, color and glossiness of the changes were tested and compared. The results show that the ideal concentration of gelatin is around 1%, and that of the waterborne fluorocarbon is around 20%. Experiments comparing reinforcements were implemented on two types of painted pottery (with and without a bottom layer) as well. It is found that 1) for gelatin, the appearance changes of the painted pottery with a bottom layer are relatively smaller than those without a bottom layer after reinforcement and aging; 2) for waterborne fluorocarbon, the appearance changes are similar after reinforcement only, but the results are reversed after aging. In a practical application, we used gelatin and waterborne fluorocarbon to reinforce three pieces of wet painted pottery unearthed from Xuyi County and achieved effective results.
Unearthed painted pottery is fragile and thus difficult to preserve. In our study, gelatin and waterborne fluorocarbon were selected as reinforcement materials for wet painted pottery. Painted pottery shards having four kinds of color were reinforced using different concentrations of these materials. The strength, color and glossiness of the changes were tested and compared. The results show that the ideal concentration of gelatin is around 1%, and that of the waterborne fluorocarbon is around 20%. Experiments comparing reinforcements were implemented on two types of painted pottery (with and without a bottom layer) as well. It is found that 1) for gelatin, the appearance changes of the painted pottery with a bottom layer are relatively smaller than those without a bottom layer after reinforcement and aging; 2) for waterborne fluorocarbon, the appearance changes are similar after reinforcement only, but the results are reversed after aging. In a practical application, we used gelatin and waterborne fluorocarbon to reinforce three pieces of wet painted pottery unearthed from Xuyi County and achieved effective results.
