Abstract:Airborne particles have become an important factor affecting the preservation of cultural heritage objects. Monitoring the concentration of particles in the environment of cultural relics, with a view toward preventing damage to these relics has become an important research subject. Up to now there has been little research on this subject in China. A suspended airborne particle counter was used to continuously monitor sizefractionated particulate matter (PM) mass in different display halls of a closed museum, and their concentrations in response to visitors is discussed in this paper. The results indicate that over 95% of the particles are PM0.5 (particle diameter＜0.5μm ) and nearly 80% are PM0.3 (particle diameter＜0.3μm). The impact of visitors on PM number concentration depends on the particle size. The concentration of PM1.0 particles changed little during the entire day, while those particles with PM＜1.0μm showed two peaks:during the morning opening time and during the nighttime cleaning time. The concentration of PM during the holidays was found to be significantly higher than on working days. The studies suggest that in the interest of preserving cultural heritage objects, ambient air particulate pollution monitoring should focus on fine particles.

Abstract:Aiming to investigate the impact of various inlet airflow patterns on the microenvironment of exhibition cabinets in museums, this study used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to simulate the airflow and temperature field for horizontal and vertical cabinets with downsupply downreturn air flows. The results show that the inlet pattern in downsupply downreturn cabinets feature both economy of energy and effective mixing, as well as good dispersion within the cabinet. When the air inlet was in the middle, in cabinets with long orientations, the air could mix thoroughly and meet design requirements. When the inlet was located on the wide orientation, a low airflow rate could disperse in the entire space fairly well, resulting in sufficient air circulation. However, when there was a heat source in the case, simply increasing the air flow rate was not sufficient to reduce the temperature inside effectively. The air flow pattern in this situation needs to be further investigated.

Abstract:In this paper, the influence of particle size on SO_2adsorption by bamboo carbon (BC) was studied and its adsorption capacity was determined. The ability of BC to adsorb mixed binary pollutants was also studied. The results show that BC has better capacity for SO_2adsorption, compared with three other biomassbased activated carbons. The adsorption efficiency reached 99.6±0.2% when BC particle size was smaller than 1.7mm. The unit SO_2adsorption capacity of BC reached 8.46mg/g of BC. No inhibition of SO_2adsorption was found when NO and NO_{2concentration} were low higher concentration NO_x were found to inhibit SO_{2purification}. The purification efficiency of SO_2reduced 2.9% when NO concentration increased from 268μg/m^3to 536μg/m³. While it decreased 5.7% when NO_{2concentration} increased from 411μg/m^3to 821μg/m³. The inhibition of formic acid, acetic acid purification by SO_2ranged within 1%. Within the range of experimental concentrations, lower inhibition of SO_{2purification} by formic acid and acetic acid was found, and the average SO_{2purification} efficiency were 90.4% and 90.5%, respectively.

Abstract:SO_2gas in the air has harmful effects on silk fabrics relics. In this study various silk fabrics samples were tested in 50μmol/mol of SO_2gas in air for various periods of time. Analytical techniques include chromatic aberration analysis, infrared analysis, amino acid analysis and xray diffraction (XRD) were usedto characterize the samples. The silk fabric sample underwent dry heat aging on 40℃ for 50days. It is concluded that the greatest change happens as the time increases:both the amino acids and the crystallinity of the silk fabric sample change in the presence of SO_2as the degree of aging increased.

Abstract:From the early to the late Western Han dynasty (206B.C. 9A.D.), the ingate shape and mold cavity arrangement used in the bunchcasting of bronze coins underwent change. In this paper, computer simulated casting processes were used to study the effect of ingate shape and mold cavity on mold filling and solidification. The results showed the following:1) The mold cavity arrangement has little impact on the mold filling time. 2) The design inside the mold has an effect on the molding process:when the inner mold is straight in the middle, it is likely to cause air bubble and other defects. 3) The ingate shape influences both the mold filling process and mold filling time, but has little effect on the solidification process, with regard to the coin's shape. From the middle to the late Western Han Dynasty, an oblique inner mold was commonly used, suggesting that the Han Dynasty technician already understood the effect of the inner mold on the molding process, and therefore could selectively choose a better inner mold design. During the coin molding process, a shortened filling time is desired, preliminary to the molding process. Since the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, an inner mold that had a shorter filling time was commonly used to increase the filling capability, and meanwhile, increased qualification yield.

Abstract:The structure and formation of corrosion found on the colored bronze birds excavated from the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, and the soil associated with birds from the site, were analyzed by scanning electron microscopeenergy dispersive Xray (SEMEDS), Xray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), metallographic analysis, ion chromatography (IC) and other instruments. The results show that high humidity, fire and the intentional destruction of the burial environment by human beings are very likely to have been the major causes of the high degree of mineralization of the original metals. Some mineralized parts are stable powdered corrosion products, which are different from the traditional harmful rust. In the samples with dendritic microstructures, the α phase tended to be corroded prior to the eutectoid, while the corrosion starts from grain boundaries to heated grains. The formation of lamellar corrosion is considered to arise from dissolution of cuprite followed by formation of malachite in suitable environments.

Abstract:Two electrochemical experiment were applied in the evaluation of the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors and the corrosion resistance of coatings for bronze artifacts. This is DC polarization resistance method was for corrosion inhibition efficiency evaluation, and potentiostatic Altemating Current impedance method was for corrosion resistance of the coatings efficiency evaluation. The results showed that the efficiency of composite corrosion inhibitors was better than that of single inhibitors. The inhibition efficiencies of 2Amino5mercapto1,3,4thiadiazde (AMT) and Benzotriazole (BTA) used separately in wet simulated neutral soil media were 88.7% and 94.6%, while that of the composite inhibitor of AMT and BTA was up to 98.8%. AMT and BTA showed good synergistic effects. Potentiostatic Alternating Current (AC) impedance experiments was used to understand the complex corrosion processes of coated bronze samples. The Nyquist spectra showed that the impedance characteristic of paraffin wax coated samples was affected by the diffusion process, but that samples coated with polyvinyl butyral, Paraloid B72and uncoated (BTA inhibition layer only) were affected by the micropores of the coatings. At the same concentration, the corrosion resistance of the three sorting was followed by a decreasing trend. At the same concentration, the anticorrosion capacities of the various coating materials were paraffin wax＞polyvinyl butyral＞Paraloid B72.

Abstract:Eight pieces of marine porcelain found at the Hua Guang Jiao No.1shipwreck site at Xisha were conserved by removing surface concretion, desalting and filling of spaces between fragments. The surface coating was analyzed by Xray Diffraction (XRD), and the porcelain surface was compared before and after being desalted using threedimensional visual microscopy. The contents of micropores on the surface were determined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and variations in conductivity from the desalting process were measured using a conductivity meter. The results indicate that concretion coating that is easily removed by mechanical methods is magnesium calcite and aragonite, the part that is hard to remove was kutnahorite and aragonite. The white substance deposited in the micropores is a salt containing fluorine. After two weeks of desalting, the conductivity in the porcelain declined to a low level. This research provides information relavant to future conservation of porcelain excavated from the Xisha sea area.

Abstract:The Five Northern Provinces'' Assembly Hall has the largest mural in Shaanxi Province. In order to get information on pigments used, paint layer samples were examined and analyzed by polarized light microscopy, microscopic examination on crosssections, xray fluorescence, xray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with an energydispersive spectrometer (SEMEDS). The results show that only one red dyestuff was found in the main hall, other colorants are all inorganic. Red pigments are red lead, cinnabar and red ochre. Green ones are atacamite, malachite and botallackite. Blue pigments include Prussian blue, smalt and azurite. Yellow pigments are orpiment and yellow ochre. Brown pigments are mostly iron red ochre and PbO₂, an aging product of red lead. Black is flame carbons. White pigment is white lead, and lead white was also mixed with other colors for use. The research result suggested the study of the pigments used at the Five Northern Provinces'' Assembly Hall is important for understanding the mural painting technique used during the Qing Dynasty and architecture murals in the Shaanxi area.

Abstract:This paper discusses the use of iodopropynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC) to treat erosive microbes on wooden components of the Yuan Dynasty Zhidan Yuan sluice ruins. Five years after being treated with IPBC, the wooden components in the highly moist environment of the ruins show total that the bacterial loading had decreased by 89%, the fungal loading been reduced by 56% and that the dominant group of microorganisms in the wooden components also changed significantly. The study shows that IPBC significantly inhibits the growth of microbes that cause soft rot of the wooden components in this moist environment. This study provides a preliminary plan for the protection of wood components of the Yuan Dynasty Zhidan Yuan sluice ruins.

Abstract:Museum taxidermies have traditionally relied on toxic chemicals for the prevention and treatment of pest infestations. However, concern over potential adverse effects on public health by chemicals has promoted investigation into alternative safe control methods. The efficacy of freezing at a temperature -20°C against the taxidermy pest Dermestes maculatus was evaluated. The results show that all pests tested at the surface of tanned skin failed to survive beyond 6h of exposure at a temperature -20°C. However, two factors, including the insulating properties of taxidermy and the rate of cooling, played key roles in the course of eradication with freezing. As the time to achieve temperature equilibrium increases, the ability of the pest to adapt to freezing also increases and the freezing time has to be prolonged significantly. The study provides a useful reference for safe methods for destroying museum taxidermy pests by freezing.

Abstract:The activities and excrement pollution of pigeons and bats are major factors threatening the safety of historical buildings and ancient murals of Dening Palace, Beiyue Temple. In this study, the extent of animal damage in Dening Palace was investigated. First, we used the security monitoring system to monitor the characteristics of bat activity in the evening. A bird observation telescope were used to survey the activity of pigeons during the day. The pH and content of soluble salts in the excrement were analyzed simultaneously. Because of the serious animal damage problems in Dening Palace at present, an ultrasonic method was selected to drive those dangerous animals out. The relationship between sound level, measured by a digital sound level meter, and the weight change of excrement per unit area could be used to judge the effect of sound in driving out the animals. The results showed that thousands of bats and hundreds of pigeons inhabit and reproduce in this place, that the urine of bats is acidic and contains high levels of nitrate and sulfate, and that their excrement is more alkaline but has a higher level of nitrate; the excrement of pigeons contains more nitrate. The components of this excrement can easily alter and damage the ancient murals at this site. Using the ultrasound apparatus, the intensity of bat activity in the palace was reduced, as determined by a decrease in the weight of excrement. The ultrasonic driving method also had some influence on the activity of pigeons, in that it discouraged them from flying back to the site. In conclusion, the ultrasonic driving apparatus has at least a temporary effect in driving animals out of such historical buildings. We suggest that physical and mechanical control measures can be utilized in similar situation in the future.

Abstract:There are modern historical cement buildings in many cities all around the country. Many of these buildings have both the western architectural aesthetic features and Chinese traditional art forms. Many have irreplaceable historical significance and artistic value. Due to longterm natural factors and human activities, the inner structures of some of these buildings are loose and weak. Protection of these historical cement buildings is a very urgent task. Because of the longterm effects of moisture, sulfur dioxide in the air, etc., the calciumcontaining components of the cement can dissolve resulting in porous structures formed which can further deteriorate. In this study a hydrophilic organosilicon material with good tensile properties was used to consolidate and protect historical cement buildings. The compressive strength of cements consolidated by this material can be doubled. At the same time, this material has good permeability, and the surface appearance of the cement samples is almost unchanged. SEM pictures show that the porosity of consolidated sample decreased significantly compared with the untreated ones since the consolidation material can effectively fill the large pores. In addition, this material is relatively more hydrophilic than other polymeric organosilicon materials, hence the preservation damage is less likely to occur than in the case of buildings treated with strong waterrepellent protective agents. Furthermore, this material is “green” and environmentfriendly because it does not require large amounts of organic solvents. This study has important implications for further exploration and development of cement historic building consolidation materials.

Abstract:Yuan Ming Yuan, a large royal garden created and operated by the Qing Dynasty emperors for more than 150years, is located in Haidian District, a western suburb of Beijing and plays a very important role in world history. This paper uses Yan Qing Tang site as an example for exploring how to preserve other structures in the Yuan Ming Yuan ruin. The survey utilized four manuallydug exploratory wells to clarify part of Yan Qing Tang''s foundations, specifically to provide information about the natural and saturated uniaxial compressive strength of the limesoils using the uniaxial compression test. The uniaxial compressive strength of the limesoils at different depths was analyzed and compared. We conclude that the marble stone foundation is in danger of being lost and needs special protection; the top and the base of the concrete foundation have low uniaxial compressive strength while the middle part has higher strength. Both the stone foundations and the limesoils exposed at the surface need protection.

Abstract:This paper establishes a geographic information system (GIS) for kiln site distribution, using kilns in Fujian dated from the Southern Dynasties to Song and Yuan Dynasties as examples. The distribution and evolution of ancient kilns in Fujian were listed and analyzed with regard to their relationship with their geographical factors such as superimposed space, buffer, slope, slopeexposure, and etc. This analysis shows that the porcelain industry in Fujian went through a developmental process. The selection of kiln sites depended on the state of development in each period, with access to water, slope and altitude being the most important factors. Most kiln sites were found to be within 4000meters of the river, on slopes of less than 15degrees, and at an altitude below 400meters. GIS technology has important advantages over traditional methods of archaeological study.

Abstract:Pore structure and pore size distribution are key properties of stone relic and building materials. In the past, Got pore size distribution of porous materials by mercury intrusion porosimetry, which was a laboratory method, and damage for samples. Transverse NMR relaxation also could get pore information of stone relics, Relaxation times and relaxation time distributions of the protons from water saturated samples were measured by lowfield NMR using homogenous and inhomogeneous fields, the advantage of NMR measurement are more quickly, easily and attrition small, the NMRMouse could by very portable, it can be operated on 24V from a car battery, as an invasion and harmless technology, it was irreplaceable for immovable cultural heritage protection in situ. Pore size and its distribution are characterized by rock mechanics, physical properties of water. As the same lithology, the higher the porosity, the worse of physical properties of stone. Thus, the porosity and pore distribution could assess stone''s weathering. Based on this premise, the different depths of the pore size distribution of stone relics was research by transverse NMR relaxation, and to explore the extent and depth of weathering of stone relics. The results show that through portable NMRMouse and homogeneous fields research, the average pore radius of three categories were all increased, and the large pores the most obvious; three categories pores, the number of small and large pores were significantly increased, however, the proportion of micropores of the total were reduced as weathering enhanced; the result of profile test of weathering stones was 5mm, the good correlation of weathering and pore size distribution could be indicators of weathering classification and weathering depth research. It can be predicted, application transverse NMR relaxation obtained the pore structure of stone relics has broad prospects.

Abstract:It has been found that buildings can protect site museums against cracking, collapse and disease phenomena caused by wind, rain, sunshine and other harmful effectors. However, soluble salt migration and mold can also lead to site damage and loss of surface information. In this article, the damage caused by soluble salts and mold is discussed, along with their causes, affecting factors and treatments. Feasible protective methods were also investigated.