Abstract:Hydraulic lime has the advantages of both lime and cement.It has low shrinkage,good antisalting properties,medium compressive and flexural strength,a low content of soluble salts and compatibility with the traditional masonry materials.It is a natural,pollutionfree and antiaging material.The focus of this research is to describe the mechanical requirements of a mortar,based on the characteristics of cracks in Huashan rocks.Based on these requirements,two kinds of binding mortar were prepared and the mechanical performance of each was tested.Also the relationship of different preservation conditions and the tensile strength of the mortar were discussed.Insite experiments show that the mortars can provide bonding strength for the rock.The mortar is also userfriendly and produces little pollution.Hydraulic lime mortar can be applied to cracks in the Huashan rock paintings in case of emergency.

Abstract:To explore the characteristics and mechanism of encrustations formation on deteriorated stone relics,encrustations in the Longmen Grottoes of Loyang and on the sandstone foundation of the Xihuang Temple Tower,Beijing,were systematically analyzed and studied using chemical analysis and Xray diffraction (XRD).Results of thjs study show that the encrustations of the Longmen Grottoes are formed slowly after dissolution and precipitation of rock carbonates as a result of water leakage. The encrustations on the sandstone foundation of Xihuang Temple Tower are from masonry mortar (the main component is calcite).The white encrustation is formed after masonry mortar is dissolved by water,the solution flows，and calcite precipitates and recrystallizes on the surface of the sandstone.

Abstract:The Huashan rock painting provides the most important and direct information for studying the ancient social history and culture of Baiyue people in China.Flaking and fading of pigment are the main deterioration problems in rock paintings.All deterioration can be related to materials and craftsmanship,and to environmental factors,too.The effects of materials, craftsmanship and regional environmental characteristics on pigment flaking and fading on the Huanshan rock painting are discussed.This study shows that rock painting pigment deterioration was caused mainly by physical weathering (temperature changes,high humidity and light radiation),chemical weathering and dissolution,and aging of binding materials.Fading of pigments was caused by a thin dust layer on the top,and loss of pigments is caused by aging of the binding materials.Therefore,the paint becomes less saturated and looks faded and darker.

Abstract:To obtain information on the mural painting layers and the pigments ever used in Fuxi Temple, Tianshui,Gansu province,six samples were examined by polarized light microscopy (PLM),crosssectioning, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with an attached energydispersive spectrometer.The results show that pigments used are all derived from minerals.The mostused pigments are green,white,red,blue，etc.The green pigments are manmade copper trihydroxychlorides,the whites are calcite,the reds are cinnabar and red lead,and the blues are Lapis Lazuli.

Abstract:In May 2008 many polychrome terra-cotta figures were excavated from Shanwang village,Linzi City of Shandong Province.To get information on the construction and components of the pigments used,polarized light microscopy (PLM),crosssection and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the pigment samples on the surface of the polychrome relics.The result shows that white lime was applied as a ground.Calcium carbonate,white earth,iron oxide black, iron oxide red,cinnabar and so on.were mixed and used as pigments. The thickness of the pigment layer is uneven.A little Chinese blue (BaCuSi₄O₁₀) pigment was found in a few samples,which is an important discovery resulting from this research.The analysis can provide scientific information for archaeological research.

Abstract:The South Yue kingdom palace is a large earthen relic site,designated as a national key protection cultural relic by the State Council in November 1996.Due to its time excavation time and the limited site space,there has been various degrees of weathering,chalking,cracking,partial collapse,and other serious deterioration.After research and testing,several commonly ysed consolidants for earth relic sites,including organic silicon modified acrylic,PS materials,organosilicon modified silicate,silicic acid esters and inorganicorganic composite materials,have used to consolidate test samples from the earthen archaeological site of the South Yue kingdom Palace.Performance of these consolidants was compared and propertied of the test samples before and after consolidation were compared.The results showed that clay samples treated with silicic acid esters and inorganicorganic composite materials had good anti-moisture properties and improved resistance to salt and pressure, and that the treatment did not change appearance and air permeability of the samples.PS material reinforced soil had good air permeability and permeability,but had poor antimoisture properties and low pressure resistance.These samples showed a whiter appearance.Organosilicon modified acrylic and organosilicon modified silicate reinforced samples had moderate pressure resistance but poor permeability,salt resistance and antimoisture properties.

Abstract:With the aim of protecting ancient Chinese wooden buildings,classification and statistical methods were used to analyze typical aseismic construction problems encountered in Chinese wood buildings of Ming and Qing Dynasty.Based on survey results of a large number of ancient Chinese wooden buildings,typical aseismic construction problems are summarized,the causes are analyzed,and the corresponding strengthening methods were proposed.By analysis typical examples,strengthening techniques are further demonstrated.Results show that a numbers of Chinese ancient wooden building parts,such as columns,toukung (bracket sets),tenonmortise,joints,beams,roof and so on are easily subject to cracking,decay,deformation and disconnection.They cause problems that affect the aseismic behavior of the structure.These problems are closely related to constitution characteristics of ancient Chinese wooden structures,the material properties of wood,the construction process and preservation conditions.By reasonable and effective reinforcement of all these features,the damage caused by earthquake can be minimized or prevented.

Abstract:A lot of wastewater is produced during the process of desalination of iron relics.Discharged wastewater must not exceed national or regional wastewater discharge standards.In accordance with GB89781996,an integrated wastewater discharge standard,the concentrations of pollutants in wastewater derived from desalting of corroded Z30 imitation samples and a large outdoor iron cannon were chemically analyzed. The results showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD),soluble phosphate,suspensoid,etc,did not meet national guidelines;it also demonstrated that some excessively used chemical desalting agents and assisting agents are the main pollutants and the primary causes of the standards being exceeded.For iron relics stored in museums,because of the small volume of wastewater,desalination wastewater can simply be discharged after dilution with clean water to meet national standards,although sometimes pretreatment is necessary.However,for some large outdoor iron relics,because of the large amount of wastewater,the pollutants in wastewater can be much higher than can be handled by dilution.It is suggested that the wastewater should be discharged only after physical or/and chemical treatment reduces pollutants to national standard levels.In conclusion,the key to solving this problem is choosing suitable desalting reagents and using environmentally friendly chemicals.Proper attention should be paid to pollution problems caused by wastewater discharge during desalination of iron relics.

Abstract:A chitosan/silica composite film was prepared on carbonate stone by biomimetic synthesis technology.During preparation, the surfactant cetytrimethylammonium bromide was used as a template on a natural stone slab,and chitosan was used to control the formation of silica particles on the stone surface.The protective performances of the film were evaluated,and its structure and microtopography were analyzed by ATRFTIR and FESEM.The results show that the chitosan/silica composite film has good acid resistivity and resistance to soiling.The freeze/thawing properties and resistance to heat deterioration were also improved by the film,while the hygroscopic property and the gas permeability of the stone were preserved.The CS/SiO₂ composite film overcomes the problem of the single layer SiO₂ film which cracks.The CS/SiO₂ film can attach tightly to the substrate.The film is very thin and has no effect on the appearance of the natural stone.All these indicate that it is a material with good prospects for carbonate stone conversation.

Abstract:Protein materials were usually used as binding media in wall paintings and colored relics of ancient architecture,and therefore their aging and deterioration may cause fading and peelingoff of pigments.The relative content of binding media is closely related to the decay of this type of cultural heritage.Therefore,quantitative analysis of proteins is very important for the study of decay mechanisms,restoration and conservation of painted cultural heritage objects.This article summarizes the methods used for analysis of protein content,including the Kjeldahl method and spectrophotometry. Methods used,for example,gas chromatographymass spectrometry（GCMS）,amino acid analysis and elemental analysis,to analyze the protein content in pigment layers of colored relics and in plaster layers of wall paintings in ancient architectures are highlighted.The principles,characteristics and applications of these methods are also introduced.From the results obtained,it seems that all the methods mentioned play very important roles in the analysis of protein content in colorants used in polychrome relics and ancient architectural plaster.

Abstract:A new fungicide CM1 was tested for its bioactivity against mildew for use in silk conservation.Culture dish experiments shows that the fungicide has very good bioactivity and is broadspectrum.Accelerated ageing tests were also designed to test the fungicide for longterm use and to see whether it caused degradation of silk or not.Heat ageing,light ageing,and acid and base ageing were used in this evaluation.The change in physical and chemical properties of untreated and treated silk after ageing was assessed by different methods.The results show that the fungicide can inhibit color fading of most treated silk.Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) revealed no chemical change of fungicide treated and untreated silk after ageing by different methods.Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) showed that the fungicide can protect silk from heat ageing.Xray diffraction (XRD) and tear strength testing showed no difference in physical properties between fungicide treated and untreated silks after ageing by different methods.

Abstract:As a natural material,paper deteriorates easily under various environmental conditions.For fragile paper,consolidation materials could be used to improve its durability.Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) fiber,silicone modified acrylic resin and fluorocarbon resin were used as consolidants for fragile paper.The results show that HPMC can improve the mechanical properties of paper without changing its appearance.The treated paper was not sticky and did not yellow.The paper also has very good antiaging properties and potential for retreatment.Compared with other materials,HPMC has many advantages as a consolidant for fragile paper.

Abstract:To study the materials and lacquer decoration techniques of a gold painted, carved lacquer throne of the Qing Dynasty,a crosssection of the wood body was observed by microscopy and was identified according to its type.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the red lacquer.The result spectrum is similar to that of Tung oil,and therefore it is thought that Tung oil was mixed in the lacquer.Based on this information and other records,the techniques used for carving the lacquer have been restored.

Abstract:With the aim of better and more scientifically conserving ancient pottery,current research on the conservation and restoration of ancient pottery has been reviewed.This review includes identification of deterioration and damage,construction techniques, the mechanisms of conservation and restoration and case studies of conservation and restoration,etc.The history and current status of scienfic conservation of ancient pottery objects,both inside and outside of the country,have been summarized and existing issues are pointed out.These issues include the lack of basic research in the physics and chemistry of pottery itself,the lack of research on the prevention and prediction of deterioration and the lack of a systematic method for measurement and evaluation of the degree of deterioration and damage.In the future,we should focus on basic research,systematic insite archaeological conservation techniques,research on conservation materials and standardization of conservation and restoration treatments for ancient pottery.

Abstract:Geophysical prospecting is an effective technique used in geophysical survey.It can determine the geological characteristics of rock mass based on measurements of its structural and geophysical properties.The weathering of stone statues is closely related to the properties of the rock it is made from.Therefore,the geophysical prospecting method is of great importance in stone statue protection.This research details the theory of the geophysical prospecting method and summarizes the applications of electrical prospecting, geological radar,seismic prospecting and borehole geophysics to stone statue conservation.Unsolved problems are also discussed.