Abstract:Because a passive technology employing simple diffusion is most suitable for sampling and detection of various gas pollutants in museum environments,a passive diffusive sampler was designed and optimized. Analysis of the collector's working principles,led to a formula based on the Fick's first law of diffusion for calculating the pollutant concentration. After comparison of two typical existing models the badge type and the tube type a tube type was selected as the prototype for further development. A connector component was added and nitrogen dioxide was used as a representative pollutant gas to test the effectiveness of different sampler combinations.Results of these studies suggested that this type of sampler is flexible and can be adapted to actual environments,thus enhancing its applicability.Data based on nitrogen dioxide collection,indicated that design requirements had been met.These studies also indicated that extending the sampler tube can reduce sample dispersion while double face sampling can multiply pollutant adsorption quantity and improve sensitivity.

Abstract:Among environmental issues affecting cultural relics,art objects and documentation materials,low concentrations of the pollutant,formaldehyde,have a great potential for causing damage.In the presence of light and heat,formaldehyde may form complex substances which may cause even more damage.There is little research on the effect of formaldehyde on different categories of cultural relics.In the present study,different concentration of formaldehyde in micro environments were tested using a quartz crystal film electrode (the composite electrode) modified with polyaniline in conjunction with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM).The results showed the composite electrode responds well to the formaldehyde.The frequency change of the composite electrode shows a direct relationship with time. Moreover,as the concentration of formaldehyde increases,the change in frequency of the composite electrode and the speed decreases.The study also indicates that there is a linear correlation between the concentration of formaldehyde and change in frequency of the composite electrode.Therefore,the concentration of formaldehyde could be deduced from experimental results.This method provides a means for real time monitoring of the concentration of formaldehyde and represents way to evaluate the storage environment of cultural relics.

Abstract:Environmental humidity plays an important role in maintaining cultural relic stable.Considerations for how to control of a particular relativehumidity is one of the main interests in museum.Compared with active humidity control,since the manner of passive humidity control has more advantages in less energy consume,flexible in use,low cost and so on,it has priority to be used in small sealed cabinets or drawers.The researth introduced the primary concept,classification,and mechanism of humidity controlling materials such as silica gel,inorganic salt,organic polymer and comprehensive type,and also summarized the working principle and properties of controlling humidity,the preparation of some materials as well as the update research progress.Meanwhile,an new selfintellectual property humidity controlling material prepared by chitosan and mineral salt was mentioned.Finally the application prospects and the trends of research and development of humidity cont rolling composite are put forward.

Abstract:Cultural relics are affected by temperature,humidity and pollutants during storage and exhibition.Humidity is one of the key environmental factors.The use of humidity controlling materials to adjust humidity in museum micro environments is the most economical and practical method to protect objects.In order to obtain a scientific understanding of these materials,Art Sorb humidity controlling products and fiber humidity controlling board were selected for performance tests.This paper describes tests,to evaluate these materials with regard to humidity control performance such as moisture capacity,moisture adsorption and desorption performance,response speed and time required to achieve regulation.These studies show that these materials have good humidity control performance.However,the fiber humidity controlling board has a larger moisture capacity and therefore less materials is required,while Art Sorb depends less on environment temperature.

Abstract:Formaldehyde pollution from decoration materials may damage the museum objects on display,which is widely concerned.In order to evaluate the effectiveness of formaldehyde removal by absorbent materials,a closed test chamber was set up and the formaldehyde concentration in the chamber was measured.Formaldehyde was generated from solution or synthetic board,various absorbents were added and a formaldehyde concentration vs.time curve in the chamber was recorded.An evaluation method was established.Active charcoal and three chitosan based absorbents were tested for their ability to remove formaldehyde.This work showed that air purification studies are best done with formaldehyde generated from synthetic board,which better reflects the true situation in museum environments.The absorb stability of absorbents could be used to compare and reflect the stability of absorbents.

Abstract:Wooden materials used for storage and display of museum objects emit volatile organic acids which may damage the objects under certain conditions of humidity and temperature,so it is necessary to develop a method for analysis of volatile acids from wooden materials.Using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPMEGC/MS),volatile organic compounds were concentrated and analyzed.GC/MS was used to analyze the volatile organic acids semi quantitatively.The types and quantity of volatile organic acids in nine kinds of wood were investigated. The results showed that the emissions of volatile acids from different woods are quite different. And all woods emit larger amounts of acetic acid than any other volatile acids.The results can be applied to the selections of storage and display materials in museum.

Abstract:Oddy test is the most widely used corrosion test which can assess the suitability of a storage or display material in museum.The disadvantage of Oddy test is the employment of lowactive metal sheet coupon which cause the long term test period,and the distortion of metal coupons or man's subjectivity may lead an inaccurate result.A substitute silver nanofilm coupon is discussed here to substitute the metal coupins.The thin film coupon uses 10 mm radius glass wafer as matrix and the thickness of the silver film is about 200～220 nm.The results show that the phenomena of corrosion are completely displayed and differentiates after 14 days and basically remains the same to 28 days,the original test period.Digital acquisition technology is also introduced to benefit the further research in digital analysis of corrosion phenomenon for the achievement of external and accurate results.

Abstract:Oddy test is an accelerated corrosion test used to evaluate the suitability of materials for use in display and storage cases in museums.The Oddy test requires three individual set ups to study the corrosion effects of a given sample on three metals commonly involved:silver,copper and lead.The test samples and the coupon were placed in individual air tight, constant humidity test tubes,which were kept at 60℃ for 28 days.The effect of the test sample on the related metal objects was estimated by checking the corrosion of the coupon.A variant method is described here which simplifies the procedure and reduces test period by using film coupons instead of massive coupons,placing all three metal coupons into an improved test vessel,collecting digital corrosion images and analyzing them.SPMEGC/MS is simultaneously employed to identify the composition and concentration of the volatile substances emitted from the display and storage cases used in museum.The newly developed method decreased the test period to 14 days,simplified procedures,provided objective evaluation of corrosion based on digital data.

Abstract:Metal film coupon test is a method which can comprehensively and efficiently accesses the suitability of storage or display materials in museum.A special image acquisition hard ware device was designed by using the airtight illuminant and color industrial camera,and clear images of coupons is got.The Software system achieves the functions of modularization of capturing images,opening the original images,image segmentation processing and materials evaluation,and also achieves visualization interface in accordance with specific functions.A large number of experiments show that this system can evaluate and filter the materials used in storage and display cases of museum collections rapidly and accurately,as well as make the conversion from human observing to computer visual calculation in evaluating and classfying these materials.It has the characteristics of rapid,objective,less errors and is very important to the effective protection of cultural relics.

Abstract:The usage of metal nanometer film coupon can effectively reduce the long term test period and the operator error in selection of storage or display materials in museum,and the digital analysis of metal nanometer film coupon can avoid the human caused error.In this paper,the circular metal nanometer film coupon is detected first,and then corroded images is segmented and the area using Kmeans clustering algorithm is calculate.The classification results compared with that of human beinas made and results are found almost the same.It is demonstrated that the proposed method can evaluate the materials used in museum collections storage and display rapidly and accurately.

Abstract:NOx is an important kind of pollutants relevant for cultural relic conservation.It has been noted recently that bamboo carbon is a plentiful and cheap adsorbent for removing pollutants.In this paper,the adsorption effect of low temperature bamboo carbon for removing NOx is studied.Surface modification of low temperature bamboo carbon was studied by SEM.Results of these studies showed that low temperature bamboo carbon can remove between 84%～94% of NO when initial concentration of NO is between 133～457μg/m³ and is between 93.3%～97.7% of NO₂ when concentration of NO₂ is between 82～453μg/m³.When NOx, which is a mixture of NO and NO₂,is 500μg/m³,the adsorption level for NO decreases to 44.7%,whereas it remains at 98% for NO₂.

Abstract:The bamboo charcoal adsorption,combined with photocatalytic pre treatment,was utilized to remove low concentration nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the cultural relics conservation micro environment used to conserve and protect cultural relics.The efficiency of NOx removal under different conditions was studied with various lamp source and levels of relative humidity.These studies indicated that there are no distinct difference between UV illumination and solar light illumination.The optimal sequence for air purification is photocatalysis followed by bamboo charcoal,type 4A molecular sieve,and bamboo charcoal absorption.The outlet concentration of NO and NO₂ were 1.98μg/m^3and 1.80μg/m³ respectively.With an increase of relative humidity,the NOx removal rate decreased;however,the combined purifier can work reliably for longer periods and keep outlet NOx concentrations below 4×10-9.In conclusion,bamboo charcoal adsorption,combined with photocatalytic has excellent performance and should be widely employed as a protective technology in the micro environment conservation.

Abstract:Monitoring of temperature and relative humidity are the most basic parameters in the museum environment.This paper analyzes the influence of temperature and humidity on damage to indoor historic relics.A continuous temperature record showed some regular fluctuation of temperature and humidity in the museum environment.Thermostatic and humidistatic devices,museum illumination,buffering actions and other factors affecting museum environment temperature and humidity are discussed.Advice and suggestions are provided regarding the control and monitoring of temperature and humidity in museum environments.

Abstract:Acid free paper is one of the most important packing materials used for conservation of cultural relics.This paper reviews the development and application of acid free paper in the conservation of cultural relics.It is suggested that in order to meet requirements for the conservation of Chinese cultural relics,more research on special acid free paper for conservation and the establishment of related appraisal standards should be needed.