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作者简介:

肖嶙(1964—),女,研究馆员,研究方向为文物保护研究,E-mail:13982258461@139.com

通讯作者:

赵丽娟(1978—),女,教授,四川师范大学化学与材料科学学院,主要从事文物保护材料研究,E-mail:lijuan_zhao@sicnu.edu.cn

中图分类号:K876

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2024)02-0001-12

DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20230302853

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参考文献 8
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旦辉.成都金沙遗址出土象牙物理化学性质及贮存环境研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2006. DAN Hui. Physical and chemical properties and storage environment of ivory excavated from Jinsha Site in Chengdu[D]. Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2006.
参考文献 12
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目录contents

    摘要

    由于长期埋藏于潮湿的地下环境,三星堆遗址祭祀区出土的象牙含水率高,且存在本体断裂、表面开裂和剥落等问题,保存状况差。出土后的象牙极易快速失水,而发生开裂和粉化等不可逆的损害。为明确三星堆出土象牙的保存现状,采用光谱、能谱、电镜、纳米压痕等测试手段,深入解析了2021年三星堆遗址3、4、7和8号坑(K3、K4、K7、K8)发掘出土象牙的组成、结构及失水过程。结果表明:三星堆遗址四个坑出土象牙的主要物相为碳羟基磷灰石[Ca10(PO4)3(CO3)3(OH)2],有机纤维蛋白成分基本消失殆尽,形成了以介孔为主(孔径分布在3~50 nm)的孔隙结构,且孔隙被大量水分占位,其中,K3出土象牙(K3XY-54)和K4出土象牙(K4YW-289)热重所测含水率分别为43.8%和43.4%;四个坑出土象牙均存在片状和针状晶体结构,其中K3XY-54以针状晶体结构为主,并呈现出明显的取向生长,K4YW-289呈现晶体聚集,其晶体尺寸厚度明显增加;出土象牙表面和内部吸附水的挥发使象牙微观结构产生内应力,从而造成出土象牙干裂、粉化等不可逆损坏;采用纳米压痕技术,初步探索了出土象牙在糟朽状态下表面微观硬度的变化,其中K4YW-289经失水前后的表面微观硬度变化差异最大(饱水状态0.090±0.049 GPa,失水后1.553±0.312 GPa),这可能与其组分结构内吸附水含量较少和高泥化现象有关,结合K3XY-54、K7XY-43和K8XY-11-13研究可发现出土象牙在失水前后微观硬度和弹性模量受组分结构-失水速率关系的影响较大。对三星堆出土象牙多层级结构和失水过程的初步研究结果为其后期实施有效保存和本体加固提供有力的科学依据和参考数据。

    Abstract

    The high moisture content of excavated ivories excavated from Sanxingdui sacrificial pits is due to their long-term burial in the wet underground environment. There are also such problems as body fracture, glaze cracking and peeling, resulting from poor preservation conditions. It is very easy for excavated ivories to lose water quickly and suffer irreversible damages such as cracking and pulverization. To clarify the preservation status of excavated ivories from Sanxingdui site, the composition, structure and water loss process of ivories at Pits No.3, 4, 7 and 8 (K3, K4, K7 and K8) of Sanxingdui site excavated in 2021 were analyzed by means of spectrometry, electron microscopy and nano-indentation, etc. The results show that the main phase of the excavated ivories from the four sacrificial pits was hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)3(CO3)3(OH)2]. The organic components had largely disappeared, forming a mainly mesoporous pore structure (pore size distribution in the range of 3-50 nm). These pore structures were occupied by a large amount of adsorbed water and bound water, showing high adsorbent water contents. The moisture contents of K3-excavated ivory (K3XY-54) and K4-excavated ivory (K4YW-289) were 43.8% and 43.4%, respectively. All the four sacrificial pits had flake and needle-like crystal structures, among which, K3XY-54 showed obvious orientation growth with needle-like crystal structures, while K4YW-289 showed crystal aggregation and significant increase in thickness. The internal stress of microstructure caused by the volatilization of adsorbed water on the surface and inside of excavated ivories, resulted in irreversible damages such as cracking and pulverization. The surface micro-hardness changes of excavated ivories in the rotten state were preliminarily explored by nano-indentation. The surface micro-hardness difference of K4YW-289 before and after water loss was the largest (0.090±0.049 GPa in the waterlogged state, 1.55±0.31 GPa after water loss), which may be related to the low adsorbed water content in the component structure and high argillation phenomenon. In combination with the studies of K3XY-54, K7XY-43 and K8XY-11-13, it was found that the micro-hardness and elasticity modulus of excavated ivories before and after water loss was largely affected by the relationship between the component structure and water loss rate. These research results provide a powerful scientific basis and reference data for the subsequent effective implementation of preservation and reinforcement of excavated ivories.

  • 0 引言

  • 象牙是由高硬度的无机矿物碳羟基磷灰石和高弹韧性的有机纤维蛋白组成,二者在三维空间上相互咬合缠绕,形成完美质地坚韧致密的动物硬组织,其外表层具有细腻光滑的硬珐琅膜层,色泽度高,一直受到人们的喜爱。在距今7000年的浙江余姚河姆渡文化遗址中就出土了中国最古老的太阳神像——象牙蝶形器“双鸟舁日”[1],四川巫山大溪文化遗址墓葬中发现一根象牙[2],上海青浦福泉山遗址崧泽文化遗存中出土了四件象牙手镯[3],成都高山遗址出土象牙手镯[4],河南安阳殷墟妇好墓出土三件象牙杯雕[5]。此外还有诸多考古资料中均报道有丰富的象牙及象牙制品出土,它们基本被作为实用、装饰或用于重大祭祀活动。

  • 1986年三星堆遗址一、二号祭祀坑[6]和2001年成都金沙遗址[7]先后出土大量象牙,尤其是金沙遗址出土的古象牙数量令世人震惊。2020年10月起,三星堆遗址祭祀区又陆续在3、4、5、7、8号坑内发掘出土大量的象牙和象牙制品,再次引起世人关注。成都平原大量象牙的出土充分体现了古代蜀人对大象具有某种特殊的崇敬之情,而且有将象牙作为祭献之物的传统。这些象牙的出土有助于复原和重构古代人类生活原貌,对文化起源、发展、衰亡的研究有着重大意义[8]。同时为研究中国古气候、地理及环境等提供极为重要的科学信息。然而,三星堆遗址出土象牙整体保存状况较差,大部分象牙出现不同程度的断裂、酥粉、釉层开裂剥落等现象。在象牙出土暴露于空气中后,即将面临失水开裂、变色、分层剥落等不可逆的损坏。为及时有效对三星堆遗址出土象牙本体进行脱水加固处理,亟需对其进行组成、结构和劣化性能分析。

  • 2006年,樊华等[9]采用X射线衍射分析了三星堆一号坑及金沙遗址出土古象牙的物相和晶体特征。罗曦芸等[10]利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、红外光谱及X射线荧光能谱对福泉山遗址出土象牙器进行成分和结构分析。旦辉[11]曾对成都金沙出土象牙的物理化学性质做过研究。为此,本研究采用光谱、能谱、电镜、全自动压汞仪等表征手段,深入研究出土象牙组成、多层级结构及含水率,初步分析出土象牙试样的失水劣化过程,为剖析出土象牙的保存现状、实施有效保护提供科学依据。

  • 1 样品和方法

  • 1.1 样品采集

  • 本研究随机选取三星堆遗址3、4、7、8号坑出土的象牙各一件进行残渣取样,2021—2022年三星堆祭祀区发掘出土象牙外观照片如表1所示,象牙测试样块编号依次为K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K7XY-43、K8XY-11-13。

  • 表1 部分出土象牙照片

  • Table1 Photos of some excavated ivory

  • 1.2 样品处理及测试方法

  • 在进行扫描电子显微镜、比表面积和孔隙率测试、透射电子显微镜、红外光谱、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱等测试中,因需要无水处理或者保留原有微观形貌需求,遂采用冷冻干燥对样品进行相应处理,其他测试保留原有水分和结构,直接表征分析研究。

  • 1.2.1 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)

  • 将象牙样品用酒精清洗干净后放入烘箱干燥,取少量干燥后的样品,用研钵磨细后与KBr共混,然后继续研磨至混合均匀,再倒入压片机制成片状。利用VERTEX 70傅里叶红外光谱仪进行测试,分辨率为4 cm-1,扫描范围为4 000~400 cm-1

  • 1.2.2 X射线衍射(XRD)

  • 首先烘干象牙样品并将其研磨至粉末状,然后将其倒入方形凹槽的玻璃片上压平,采用MiniFlex600 X射线衍射仪进行测试,采用Cu Kα辐射(λ=1.54Å,反射模式,管电流为20 mA,管电压为40 kV),扫描速度为6°/min,扫描范围为2°~80°。

  • 1.2.3 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)

  • 将象牙样品烘干后研磨成粉末,利用X射线光电子能谱仪对样品中化学元素进行测试分析,采用Al Kα射线源,管电压为40 kV,管电流为40 mA。

  • 1.2.4 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)

  • 将象牙样品用酒精清洗干净后放入-20℃冰箱中冷冻,随后将样品放入冷冻干燥机冻干24 h,采用EV018扫描电子显微镜对冷冻干燥后象牙样品的形貌进行观察,测试时工作电压为20 kV。

  • 1.2.5 透射电子显微镜(TEM)

  • 将象牙样品用酒精清洗干净后放入烘箱烘干,将其粉碎磨细用乙醇分散后滴在铜网上采用HT7800透射电子显微镜进行观察,测试电压为120 kV。

  • 1.2.6 比表面积分析(BET)

  • 将象牙样品用酒精清洗干净并冷冻干燥后,采用ASAP2460全自动比表面及孔隙度分析仪对样品进行比表面积(SSA)大小和孔径分布测试,测试温度为77.3 K。

  • 1.2.7 平均孔径和孔隙率测试

  • 将象牙样品用酒精清洗干净并冷冻干燥后,选取块状样品利用AutoPore9500压汞仪以测试样品的平均孔径和孔隙率。

  • 1.2.8 热重(TG)和差示扫描量热(DSC)

  • 采用TGA Q500型热重分析仪和Perkinelmer DSC 8500验证出土象牙含有吸附水。TG测试条件:氮气流(50 mL/min),25~800℃,升温速率10℃/min。DSC测试条件:氮气气氛下升温速率2℃/min,10~100℃。

  • 1.2.9 出土象牙含水率和失水速率测试

  • 用电子天平记录象牙样品的原始重量为m0,再将象牙样品放入100℃烘箱真空干燥至恒重,记录样品重量为m1,象牙含水率可以计算为(m0-m1)/m0,每个出土象牙样品测试三次并取其平均值。

  • 1.2.10 纳米压痕

  • 利用配备Berkovich金刚石尖端的瑞士NHT2纳米压痕器(Peseux,CSM仪器)对出土象牙失水劣化性能进行测试。加载和卸载速率均为10 mN/min,最大加载力设置为50 mN。分别对四个出土象牙进行3个点的平行试验,采用Oliver-Pharr法进行定量硬度和弹性模量计算。

  • 1.2.11 超景深视频显微镜

  • 采用日本基恩士公司的VHX-2000C超景深视频显微镜,对出土象牙表面局部失水前后形貌进行对比观察。

  • 2 结果和讨论

  • 2.1 三星堆遗址出土象牙的化学组成

  • 象牙的牙本质主要包含无机和有机组分。为研究出土象牙的化学结构组分,采用FTIR对K3、K4、K7和K8出土象牙样品进行测试,如图1a所示。956 cm-1和468 cm-1处的吸收峰分别对应于PO3-4ν2ν1振动吸收峰[12],1 041 cm-1和1 105 cm-1处的吸收峰对应于PO3-4ν3振动吸收峰,563 cm-1和603 cm-1双峰由PO3-4ν4振动吸收产生,874 cm-1处吸收峰属于CO2-3ν2振动吸收峰,1 411 cm-1和1 458 cm-1为 CO2-3ν3振动吸收峰,1 628 cm-1为H2O-有机质的弯曲振动[13-15],以上结果表明象牙中含有PO3-4、CO2-3、OH-。值得注意的是,K4YW-289的主要特征吸收峰CO2-3峰强相对较弱,这可能与K4经历高温焚烧有关。以上结果可以推断象牙中主要成分为碳羟基磷灰石[Ca10(PO43(CO33(OH)2][16-17]。为进一步表征出土象牙的化学组分及含量,采用XPS测试K3、K4、K7和K8出土象牙(图1b,表1),并对4个象牙样块进行N1s精细谱测试(图1c~1f)以判定有机质的分解情况。

  • 图1 出土象牙样品的红外光谱(a)、XPS全谱(b)以及N1s精细谱(c)~(f)

  • Fig.1 FTIR (a) , X-ray photoelectron (b) and N1s (c) - (f) spectra of the excavated ivory samples

  • 如图1b和表2所示,4个象牙样品均含有C、N、O、P、Ca元素,其中O元素含量最高,为60%到65%左右。C和P元素证实了CO2-3、PO3-4的存在。出土象牙样品的元素含量差异是由埋藏环境(如有机残留物、微生物等的不同)以及出土象牙本体的差异性造成的。四个出土象牙样品的N1s谱(图1c~1f,结合能~398 eV)和N元素含量(表2,均小于1%),而新鲜象牙中有机质(氨基酸)总量大约35%[9],这表明在几千年的埋藏环境中,出土象牙的有机纤维蛋白成分已基本消失。因象牙中起增强或增韧作用的有机胶原纤维结构的消失,导致出土象牙结构疏松,保存下来的成分基本为无机盐,这亦是出土象牙失水后易被破坏的原因之一。

  • 表2 象牙样品的主要元素质量分数

  • Table2 Mass fractions of the main elements of the ivory samples

  • 2.2 三星堆出土象牙的晶体结构

  • 图2a为出土象牙的XRD图,K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K7XY-43和K8XY-11-13的衍射峰位置大致相同,其主要衍射峰25.9°、32.0°、32.4°、36.7°、40.4°、46.9°、49.6°和53.3°,与碳羟基磷灰石标准物(JCDPS:PDF#19-0272)基本一致,这也印证了三星堆出土象牙的主要物相为碳羟磷灰石。值得注意的是,K4YW-289两次取样的衍射峰存在明显区别,这可能由于K4出土象牙被焚烧后产生的一些杂质所导致。已有研究表明~25.9°(002)衍射峰半高宽值来反映碳羟基磷灰石的结晶度[918],即~25.9°(002)半高宽值越小,则其结晶度越高。K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K7XY-43和K8XY-11-13两次取样对应的~25.9°(002)衍射峰半高宽值分别为0.846/0.840、0.341/0.827、0.720/0.902、0.815/0.920,表明K4YW-289象牙结晶度最高。有研究表明纳米羟基磷灰石经700℃煅烧后结晶度得到明显提高[19],这可能是由于焚烧产生的高温使得K4出土象牙的结晶更加完善,由此推测K4的焚烧温度可能大于700℃。依据布拉格方程2dsinθ=[20],计算出K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K7XY-43、K8XY-11-13两次取样对应的(002)晶间距几乎一致,分别为0.280/0.276、0.286/0.280、0.281/0.281、0.279/0.281,表明其晶粒大小相近。

  • 图2 出土象牙的晶体结构

  • Fig.2 Crystal structures of the excavated ivories

  • 为进一步探究不同坑出土象牙的晶体结构差异,对K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K7XY-43、K8XY-11-13进行了TEM表征,如图2b~2d’所示。所有坑出土象牙均为片层和针状的混合形貌,其中K7XY-43和K8XY-11-13主要呈现出晶体片状结构,其晶体尺寸小于50 nm(图2d’和2e’)。K3XY-54的晶粒和形貌有别于其他3个坑的样品,以针状结构为主(图2b和2b’),呈现出明显的取向生长,这可能与取样位置或者样品埋藏周边环境有关。同时K4YW-289的晶体尺寸明显较大(图2c和2c’),且堆积在一起,说明K4出土象牙的碳羟基磷灰石晶体经过焚烧后发生聚集,导致其晶体尺寸厚度明显增加。

  • 2.3 出土象牙多层级结构

  • 采用SEM、BET和压汞试验探索出土象牙的微观结构。SEM试验样品采用冷冻干燥制备,孔洞结构可被保留,但是样品在发掘现场和临时保存中,起到平衡作用的水分大量蒸发后,出土象牙中裂纹会进一步开裂,内部孔洞坍塌,逐渐分层、剥落粉化,最后导致象牙完全破坏。从图3a~3d’可以看出,出土象牙中存在大量裂纹结构和孔洞结构,裂纹尺寸大小变化较大,小到几个微米,大到几个毫米,甚至厘米级。本次取样中,K3XY-54和K7XY-43出土象牙的裂纹明显,部分裂纹长度在100 μm以上(图3a和3c);K7XY-43(图3c’),K8XY-11-13(图3d和3d’)出土象牙有细微的孔洞结构;而K4YW-289(图3b和3b’)出土象牙表面平整且较为致密,这可能与K4YW-289出土象牙被火焚烧且泥化后,孔洞坍塌,以及空洞被泥土填充所致。

  • 图3 出土象牙的微观结构和孔隙分析

  • Fig.3 Microstructures and pore analysis of the excavated ivories

  • 目前,氮气物理吸附法可有效表征材料的微孔和介孔的孔径分布情况[21]。对于大孔的孔径分布,基于压汞法的圆柱体模型,其对微介孔分析不够准确而对大孔孔径分析的准确性较高[22]。为进一步探究象牙内部的孔隙结构和比表面积,采用BET和压汞法对K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K7XY-43和K8XY-11-13的孔径分布、比表面积和孔隙率进行测试,如图3e~3h所示。4个象牙样品的吸附曲线属于Ⅱ型等温吸附-解吸曲线(图3e)。从BET和压汞测试的孔径分布图(图3f~3g)来看,象牙内孔隙特征多为介孔结构(3~50 nm),K4YW-289和K8XY-11-13呈现出少量的微孔结构(1~2 nm)。4种象牙样品均含大孔结构,其中K4YW-289的大孔分布较广(图3g)。就比表面积和孔隙率而言,4种象牙样品的比表面积接近,孔隙率相差稍大,其中K7XY-43的比表面积最大(152.94 m2/g),K4YW-289的孔隙率最大(64.12%)。压汞法测试4种象牙样品(K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K7XY-43和K8XY-11-13)的平均孔径相近,分别为21.3、24.9、22.9和22.8 nm。以上结果为出土象牙脱水加固材料的选择提供了理论支撑。

  • 2.4 出土象牙失水过程

  • 因埋藏于地下,象牙含水率较高,此时水可替代有机质起到结构平衡作用。出土象牙失水速率是影响出土象牙劣化演变的关键因素之一。采用TG和DSC对出土象牙的含水情况进行表征,如图4所示。从K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K7XY-43、K8XY-11-13的热失重曲线(图4a)和DSC曲线(图4b)可以得出4个坑出土象牙均含有大量的吸附水。K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K7XY-43和K8XY-11-13一阶失重分别约43.8%、43.4%、35.2%和39.0%,这对应其各自的高含水量。

  • 图4 出土象牙的TG(a)和DSC(b)曲线

  • Fig.4 TGA (a) and DSC (b) curves of the excavated ivories

  • 当出土象牙暴露在空气中,因失水表面很快开裂(图5f),原有的裂缝逐渐变宽,从表面蔓延至内部,象牙进而出现分层、开裂、剥离,最后完全粉化。因此,探明出土象牙的含水率及其在不同环境下的水分挥发速度对保护出土象牙至关重要。为研究温度对出土象牙水分挥发速率的影响以及明确出土象牙的含水率,监测室温、60℃、100℃下4个坑出土象牙的动态失水曲线来明确其含水率,如图5所示。试验结果表明,由于出土象牙结构疏松,加热温度越高,失水速率越快,其中在100℃下K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K7XY-43和K8XY-11-13均在2 h内失水至恒重(图5a~5d)。由此,可知在100℃下K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K7XY-43和K8XY-11-13中吸附水的含水率分别为20%、23.34%、41.52%和37.33%(图5e)。即使在室温下,测试样品在24 h后也已经完全失水,表明出土象牙在没有任何的保护措施下,极易在空气环境中失水。

  • 由于出土象牙一般在现场发掘环境和冷库存放环境中会出现长时间暴露的情况。为此,试验通过模拟冷库存放环境(图6a)和现场发掘环境(图6b)来研究4个坑出土象牙在60 h内的失水变化曲线。如图6a所示,在4℃,RH 90%的环境下,K4YW-289失水速率较快,这是由于K4出土象牙经过焚烧后结构疏松,象牙本体结构对水的束缚能力较弱。而另外三个坑出土象牙失水速率较慢,与其较为紧密的结构相吻合。在25℃,RH 65%的环境下,K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K8XY-11-13的失水速度基本一致,而K7XY-43失水速率最慢(图6b)。这表明象牙的失水速率受环境温湿度的影响较大,因此,在出土象牙的存放过程中应提高环境的相对湿度,尽可能减缓象牙的失水速度。

  • 图5 不同温度下出土象牙的失水试验

  • Fig.5 Water loss test of the excavated ivories at different temperatures

  • 图6 K3XY-54、K4YW-289、K7XY-43和K8XY-11-13在两种环境下的失水变化曲线

  • Fig.6 Water loss curves of K3XY-54, K4YW-289, K7XY-43 and K8XY-11-13 under two simulated environments

  • 传统力学性能测试方法对样品大小、形状要求较高,所取得的象牙样品难以满足测试条件,而相对于传统力学性能测试,纳米压痕技术可对材料的极小区域进行原位力学性能表征,进而实现对材料的高精度无损测试[23]。近年来,纳米压痕技术已被广泛应用于材料的界面区域力学性能的定量表征中[24]。为研究出土象牙的失水劣化性能,对出土象牙室温室湿(17℃,RH 75%)失水前后进行纳米压痕试验。如图7所示为4个坑出土象牙分别在饱水和室温室湿(17℃,RH 75%)失水24 h后的载荷-位移曲线。依据纳米压痕技术原理,采用Oliver-Pharr方法[25-27]计算得到出土象牙的压痕模量和硬度的3次平行试验数据和平均值列于表3中。

  • 图7 K3XY-54(a)(b)、K4YW-289(c)(d)、K7XY-43(e)(f)、K8XY-11-13(g)(h)分别在饱水状态和室温放置失水24 h后的纳米压痕曲线

  • Fig.7 Nano-indentation curves of K3XY-54 (a) (b) , K4YW-289 (c) (d) , K7XY-43 (e) (f) , and K8XY-11-13 (g) (h) at water-saturated state and room temperature after 24 h of water loss, respectively

  • 表3 象牙样品分别在饱水状态和室温放置失水24 h后的3次纳米压痕测试数据

  • Table3 Data of three nano-identation tests of the ivory samples at water-saturated state and room temperature after 24 h of water loss, respectively

  • 从试验数据可以看出,K3XY-54象牙在室温室湿(17℃,RH 75%)失水后的硬度和弹性模量明显下降;而K4YW-289失水后的硬度和弹性模量明显增大;K7XY-43失水后的硬度和弹性模量有所下降,但变化不大;K8XY-11-13失水后的硬度和弹性模量有所增大。尤其从图7c~7d可以看出K4YW-289失水前后的压痕深度变化最大,室温失水24 h后K4YW-289的硬度和弹性模量均显著增大,这可能与组分结构内吸附水含量较少和高泥化现象有关,孔隙结构中湿润泥土在少量吸附水的缓慢失水过程中逐渐粘接硬化。且在同一样块不同点位的模量和硬度差异较大。结果显示不同象牙样品失水前后表面微观强度变化无规律性,即使同一样品不同位置测试结果都有一定差别,可以看出象牙失水导致的劣化并不表现为象牙的表面微观强度降低。

  • 采用超景深显微镜观察4个象牙样块在室温室湿(21℃,RH 36%)下的失水过程,对象牙同一区域拍摄0 h、2 h、5 h和24 h的200倍放大超景深照片,以观察其表面变化,反映其失水劣化程度。如图8所示,4个坑出土象牙均随着失水时间的增加,象牙表面变的干燥,有部分粉化、脱落,原来开裂位置裂口加深。其中,K4YW-289劣化程度最大,K7XY-43劣化程度最小,K3XY-54和K8XY-11-13的劣化程度居中。这可能与出土象牙的埋藏环境和结构有关,尤其是K4YW-289象牙由于焚烧过后结构疏松,在室温下失水速率较快,劣化程度也较大。观察结果表明出土象牙的失水情况与其表面劣化程度呈现正相关,象牙的失水直接影响其层级结构(图8)。

  • 图8 出土象牙样块在室温下随时间变化的超景深显微镜观察图

  • Fig.8 Ultra depth-of-field microscopic observations of the excavated ivory specimens at room temperature over time

  • 3 结论

  • 运用光谱、能谱、电镜、纳米压痕等测试手段对2021年三星堆遗址(3号、4号、7号、8号)4个坑发掘出土象牙的组成、结构及失水劣化过程进行探索研究。

  • 结果表明三星堆遗址4个坑出土象牙的主要物相为碳羟基磷灰石[Ca10(PO43(CO33(OH)2],其有机纤维蛋白成分已消失殆尽;4个坑出土象牙晶体均存在片状和针状结构,其中K3出土象牙则以针状晶体结构为主,呈现出明显的取向生长,K4出土象牙经焚烧后晶体发生聚集且尺寸厚度明显增加;出土象牙的失水前后表面微观硬度和弹性模量受其组分结构-失水速率(水分含量)关系影响。此分析结果对三星堆遗址出土象牙的全面深入分析研究具有指导意义,为有效实施出土象牙本体的脱水加固保护提供了参考和科学依据。

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