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作者简介:

许梦颖(1990—),女,2019年博士毕业于中国科学院大学,物理化学方向,中国国家博物馆馆员,研究方向为金属文物的保护修复,E-mail:xumenying@chnmuseum.cn

中图分类号:K876;X831

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2023)04-0180-09

DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20211202343

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目录contents

    摘要

    通过测量氧气消耗量可以完全无损地检查考古文物的稳定性,氧气的快速消耗说明样品状态不稳定。本工作综述了光学传感器辅助氧气消耗法的基本原理、影响因素、应用范围和适用对象。利用氧气的荧光猝灭性实现光学传感法监测氧气浓度。依靠光学传感的氧气消耗法可以快速、有效、准确地测量出文物样品的氧气消耗速率,对评估文物保存状态有重要意义。其监测系统会受相对湿度、温度、压力、光照等环境因素的影响。该方法根据文物样品的大小和形貌选择合适的监测体系,可以实现对所有氧气消耗反应的监测,具备更好的便携性和普适性。因此光学传感器辅助氧气消耗法可用于评估保护材料和保护手段的有效性。

    Abstract

    The stability of archaeological relics can be completely non-destructively checked by measuring oxygen consumption. The rapid consumption of oxygen indicates an unstable state of a sample. In this work, the basic principle, influencing factors, scope of application and applicable objects of the optical sensor-assisted oxygen consumption method are summarized. The measurement of oxygen concentration by optical sensing is based on the fluorescence quenching of oxygen. This method can quickly and accurately reflect the oxygen consumption rate of archaeological relics, showing great significance for evaluating the preservation state of cultural relics. The monitoring system is affected by such factors as the relative humidity, temperature, atmospheric pressure and light. Appropriate monitoring systems are selected according to the size and morphology of cultural relic samples to monitor all the oxygen consumption reactions, so this method has greater portability and general applicability. Therefore, the optical sensor-assisted oxygen consumption method can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of conservation materials and measures.

  • 0 引言

  • 氧化反应在日常生活中无时无刻不在发生,如有机物腐败、橡胶老化、金属腐蚀等。在文物保护领域中氧化反应也直接关系到文物的安全。氧气是氧化反应的重要参与者,是文物材料劣化的关键因素[1]。因此,在文物保护科学领域,实现氧气浓度的实时测量和耗氧量的量化至关重要。通过测量氧气消耗量可以完全无损地检查考古文物的稳定性,氧气的快速消耗说明样品状态不稳定。

  • 1 氧气变化量监测方法

  • 目前对于氧气含量的监测有多种方法:1)气压监测法,对反应体系内气体压力的变化进行监测。Grattan利用Warburg呼吸机测量密闭容器内总压力的变化评估高分子聚合物吸附氧气的效果[2]。这种方法因监测体系压力的变化会受到其他气体的干扰,不满足对氧气的单一选择性,无法应用于文物保护领域。因此,部分研究者以分子筛或碱溶液吸收特定氧化反应下的气体产物,消除氧化过程中其他气体对气压监测的影响[3-4],这种方式虽然有效,但需要对不同的监测体系选择适合的吸附材料,不具有普适性。2)成分分析法,将反应体系内的气体引入带有各种传感器的气体测量循环装置,以现代仪器分析手段测定氧气和其他气体的含量。More等用质谱表征染色纺织品老化后氧气和二氧化碳的变化量[5]。Skinner和Jones用Oxymax呼吸机表征木材中参与硫化物氧化过程的两种气体的含量[6]。与压力监测法相比,成分分析法可以更准确地对特定气体进行定量分析。但设备成本过高,且监测过程涉及气路传输,有氧气泄露的隐患。3)其他监测方法,如传统的呼吸计量法和燃料电池法等[7-8]

  • 光学氧传感器监测密闭空间内氧气含量具有灵活性的优点。该方法可以针对不同类型、体积的样本,选择不同种类、型号的密封容器[9]。光学传感氧气测量技术的另一个优点是其便携性,密封容器不必与测量装置气路连接。因此,无需局限于样品的存放位置。Watkinson和Rimmer以此方法测量了玻璃密封体系中铁钉的耗氧量,以评估脱盐效果[10]。Thickett以此方法研究了刚性和柔性密封体系中四方纤铁矿(β-FeOOH)的形成机理及不同相对湿度(RH)下β-FeOOH对铁基体腐蚀速率的影响[11]。Matthiesen和Wonsyld通过光传感辅助的方法对大型金属材料原位监测,从而评估不同封护材料的保护效果[12-13]。研究结果表明光学传感方法能够快速、准确地监测氧气含量的变化,因此可将光学传感辅助氧气消耗法应用于文物保护领域。

  • 2 光学传感氧气消耗法的监测原理

  • 光学传感氧气消耗法基于氧气对荧光分子的猝灭作用监测文物样品耗氧情况。荧光物质被激发后,或荧光发射,或将能量以弛豫现象转移给其他分子,这种转移行为造成荧光猝灭[14]。由于与氧气分子碰撞过程中的能量转移,大多数荧光材料会发生动态荧光猝灭[15]。具体过程如下[16]

  • 1)荧光分子(L)被特定波长的光源所激发;

  • 2)被激发的荧光分子(L*)通过荧光发射或者非辐射跃迁的方式返回基态;

  • 3)荧光强度随时间呈指数型衰减,衰减速率即为特征荧光寿命;

  • 4)氧气与荧光分子碰撞,在此过程中能量转移至氧气分子,从而造成荧光猝灭;

  • L*+O2L+O2*

  • 5)这种荧光猝灭现象表现为氧气存在下物质的荧光强度和荧光寿命都降低;

  • 6)氧气的猝灭行为几乎是一个理想模型,其造成的荧光猝灭直接与氧气的分压有关。

  • 基于以上的理论支持,以具有荧光性的铑化合物为氧气传感点,激发波长为505 nm,利用如图1所示的装置测定传感点的荧光性能。通过分析传感点所发出的荧光强度和寿命的变化,量化容器内的氧气含量。以这种光学传感的方式实现密封体系内氧气含量的快速测定。

  • 图1 光传感氧气测量装置

  • Fig.1 Optical sensing oxygen measurement device

  • 仪器监测结果反应的是密封容器内氧气的分压。由于氧气消耗量受容器体积和温度的影响,为了使不同时间段测得的数据具有可比性,使用理想气体公式(1)将其转化为摩尔量。

  • PV=nRT
    (1)
  • 因此计算耗氧速率需确定反应体系的初始气体体积,即空白体积。对于刚性的反应容器,初始体积可通过容器容积与内容物体积的差值计算得到。对于柔性反应容器,可采用两种方法:其一,向容器内注射确定量的气体直接得到初始气体体积;其二,向容器内注射确定体积、确定浓度的气体,用氧气含量与氧气分压的等式(2)、(3)计算出容器的初始气体体积[17]

  • VBE=VAD×CAD-CAFCAF-CBE
    (2)
  • VINIT=VBE0.79+0.21×CBECINIT
    (3)
  • 式中,VBE代表注入气体前密封体系内的气体体积(cm3),VAD代表注入的气体体积(cm3),VINIT代表氧气浓度监测初始状态时密封体系内的气体体积(cm3),CBE代表注入气体前密封体系内气体的氧气浓度(%),CAD代表注入气体的氧气浓度(%),CAF代表注入气体后密封体系内气体的氧气浓度(%),CINIT代表监测初始状态时密封体系内气体的氧气浓度(%)。等式(3)成立的前提是监测过程中无其他气体产生,新气体的产生会导致柔性体系中氧气分压降低,影响耗氧速率计算的准确性,对于这种有新气体产生的监测体系,可以在刚性容器中进行。待确定初始气体体积后,依据等式(4)计算耗氧速率。

  • 耗氧速率 [mg/t]=VINIT×K×dC/dt100%
    (4)
  • 式中,K是空气中的氧气浓度常数(mg/cm3),dC/dt是氧气消耗曲线的斜率(%/t)。

  • 3 影响耗氧量测试数据的因素

  • 环境因素及人为操作会影响光学传感器辅助氧气消耗法的耗氧过程和监测数值的准确性。

  • 3.1 相对湿度

  • 众所周知,相对湿度对金属文物的腐蚀速率影响巨大[18-20]。在耗氧速率测量过程中,要保证体系湿度的相对稳定,只有在相同或相近的湿度下,耗氧速率才具有可比性。可通过饱和盐溶液或调湿硅胶稳定环境湿度,从而研究不同相对湿度下金属的腐蚀速率[1421]。综上所述,可以看出控制反应容器内相对湿度,对获得准确的实验结果非常重要。此外,外部环境相对湿度的改变会造成分子振幅和氧气分压的改变,从而影响监测的准确性[22]

  • 3.2 温度

  • 温度的改变会造成相对湿度的波动,这种波动对于缓冲型调湿材料(如硅胶)影响更大[20];温度会影响氧化反应速率;温度升高,密封容器内气压升高,对容器内外环境中的氧气交换产生影响;温度影响荧光寿命[16]。另外,监测过程中温度波动也会影响监测数值。因此,在整个测试过程中,体系温度应尽量保持恒定。

  • 3.3 光照

  • 光学传感法测量氧气浓度的方法,依赖于荧光传导,激发光与发射光均通过光纤传递于传感点与仪器之间[1]。自然光干扰会导致所测氧气分压升高[22]。因此理想的测试环境应避免外界光源。当外界光线不可避免时,应尽量考虑稳定光源。由于荧光物质的特殊性,仪器测得的氧气分压随传感点的曝光时间增加而增大。所以,在非测量时段应将传感点进行遮光处理,提高测试的准确性。

  • 3.4 气压

  • 气压的波动会干扰柔性包覆材料密封体系中的氧气含量测量值[1]。对于柔性密封体系,氧气分压与环境气压正相关。外部气压增加,柔性材料发生形变,体系内氧气压力升高。因而,对于长期监测,刚性容器可更有效抵抗气压变化的干扰。针对于只能采用柔性体系的监测样本,可通过空白实验排除气压波动的影响。此外,测试过程中,应避免人为施压,造成形变,影响结果准确性。

  • 3.5 其他人为因素

  • 除以上环境因素外,其他于测试过程中的人为操作也可能引起测试偏差,如测试时光纤与传感点的角度和距离、容器的厚度及透光度等[24],因此实际测量时应尽量保持人为操作的一致性。

  • 4 三种测试方法的比较

  • 根据监测对象自身的特点通常选择与其相匹配的密封容器。光传感辅助氧气消耗法对监测系统有如下要求:1)无漏气情况,即不会人为降低耗氧速率;2)密封材料自身几乎无氧气消耗;3)针对不同类型和形状大小的文物可选择尺寸合适的密封体系;4)尽可能降低成本。为满足以上的需求,目前常见的监测体系有三种:玻璃容器、柔性阻氧膜、表面皿等玻璃片原位监测,参照图2所示。这三种密封体系采用相同的光传感辅助法监测耗氧情况,监测环境温度控制在22~30℃。

  • 4.1 玻璃容器

  • 玻璃容器在测试之前需高温除去有机物残留。用硅酮粘合剂固定传感点于容器内壁后,将容器敞口放置至少24 h,以除去粘合剂中的挥发性有机酸,或选用无酸的粘合剂以节省挥发时间。将待测样品密封于容器内。可采取加热熔融的方式将玻璃器皿密封,从而排除气体泄漏的隐患,但这种密封方式在实验结束后无法对容器内气体取样分析,也不易得到准确的初始气体体积。

  • 4.2 柔性阻氧膜

  • 以商售透明阻氧膜(EscalTM)替代之前的玻璃容器,经热封处理,得到柔性的密封体系,尺寸更为灵活。此外,也可以用阻氧膜对玻璃容器封口,避免玻璃器壁的厚度对监测光路的影响,提高监测数据的准确性。

  • 4.3 原位监测

  • 这种测量方法用于表征样品局部,而非评估其整体稳定性。以环氧树脂等隔氧粘结材料将内壁粘有传感点的培养皿或表面皿固定在样品表面,形成密封空间,监测玻璃器皿所覆盖区域的耗氧情况。样品表面不平整或表面覆盖大量锈蚀产物,均会影响粘合剂效果,从而影响实验准确性[25]。这种原位监测方法通常用于大型文物局部氧化过程评估。

  • 4.4 三种方法对比

  • 光传导辅助氧气消耗法是以耗氧速率,即单位时间(dt)内氧气的消耗量(dn),作为样品稳定性的判断依据。该速率亦可表达为VdC/dt,其中dC为dt范围内氧气浓度的变化量,V为体系的空白体积。对于同一氧化反应,减小空白体积以提高氧气浓度的变化速率,可以有效缩短监测时间。采用柔性阻氧膜为密封材料,可有效降低空白体积。因此需根据目标样品的形状和尺寸及监测需求选取匹配的监测体系。

  • Matthiesen[1]分别用上述三种监测体系监测不同材质样品的氧气消耗情况。其中用叠层铝膜或阻氧膜密封的玻璃容器,密封性最好,可用于长期耗氧监测;柔性体系具有更小的空白体积,对氧气量的变化更敏感,适用于监测耗氧速率低的样品;原位监测法多用于评估样品局部的耗氧情况,适用于大型样品。此外,原位监测也可以同时监测不同微环境下同一样品的耗氧情况,实现平行监测。由于原位监测法使用的环氧粘合剂有很强的侵入性,不易完全清除,且锈蚀产物会破坏环氧粘合剂,导致体系漏气[25],故原位监测体系的样本目前主要是模拟样品或坚固的金属表面。随着粘合剂升级、优化,原位测量可应用于更多场景。

  • 图2 三种测试方法:玻璃容器(左)、柔性透明阻氧膜容器(中)、表面皿(右)原位监测[1]

  • Fig.2 Three experimental designs: glass container (left) , flexible container of transparent oxygen barrier film (middle) and glass dishes (right) for in situ measurements

  • 5 光传导辅助氧气消耗法评估金属文物保存状态

  • 金属文物腐蚀及劣化多为电化学氧化反应,金属单质和低氧化态化合物的氧化过程持续耗氧,可通过氧气消耗速率评估金属腐蚀、劣化速率。

  • 5.1 不同腐蚀程度对耗氧速率的影响

  • Matthiesen和Wonsyld以光传导辅助氧气消耗法评估预腐蚀和未腐蚀的铜质和铁质样品的腐蚀速率,并以差重法佐证其监测结果[25]。经过两年的持续监测,所有测试条件下金属样品均发生腐蚀,且铁质样品的耗氧速率远高于相同条件下的铜质样品(图3)。由于金属表面形成稳定锈蚀产物,预腐蚀的铁质样品表现出更低的氧化速率。

  • 图3 不同环境下以氧气消耗监测得到的金属的腐蚀速率[25]

  • Fig.3 Corrosion rate of metal monitored by oxygen consumption in different environments

  • 5.2 不同相对湿度对耗氧速率的影响

  • 金属考古样品的耗氧速率随湿度的增加(从20%RH到50%RH)而增加(图4),且大部分样品在相对湿度低于30%时,氧化速率极低[24]。当文物样品中含有氯离子时,湿度的对腐蚀速率的影响更显著[19]。对于含氯考古样品,相对湿度高于60%后腐蚀速率显著提升(图4)。相同湿度下,样品的耗氧速率与其含氯量无明显线性关系。

  • 图4 不同来源的考古样品在20%~80%相对湿度下的氧气消耗速率[1924]

  • Fig.4 Oxygen consumption rates of selected samples examined at 20% to 80% relative humidity

  • 6 光传导辅助氧气消耗法评估非金属文物保存状态

  • 非金属文物的成分复杂,可发生的耗氧反应较金属更多样。Matthiesen和Hollesen原位测量了包括无机层、有机多孔层和致密层在内的土壤沉积物中的氧气浓度、温度、含水量和土壤孔隙度[26],比较氧气浓度与有机物降解指标,鉴别考古沉积物中菌群分布和种类,如图5。土壤沉积物的氧气浓度与该土层中木材样本内的菌群组成和数量相吻合[27-29]。Hollesen和Matthiesen更详细地探讨了不同温度和含水量条件下不同组分土壤的耗氧情况,更深层次讨论了土壤样品的反应活性[30]

  • 对于有机质文物,可用光传导辅助氧气消耗法评估其稳定性。Morthensen和Mattiesen[31]监测了经聚乙二醇保护的考古木材内不同深度的氧气浓度随时间的变化,得到木质文物内的氧气迁移率。木材内氧气浓度普遍呈现升高的趋势,如图6。说明氧气不断向木材内部扩散,即使经过保护,大型木材内部依然有氧气存在,因此日常保存和展览过程中要关注考古木材的氧化分解。通过对大量考古木材耗氧速率的监测,浸水后的木质文物持续快速耗氧,其耗氧速率介于同等条件下琥珀与金属之间(图7)。耗氧速率的差异与样品质地密度和所发生的氧化反应有关。

  • 图5 土层东北剖面有较清晰层次边界的校正照片。不同深度不同湿度环境下的氧气浓度。不同时间点(2006、2010和2013)不同土层深度的孔隙度和烧失量[26]

  • Fig.5 A rectified photograph of the north-east profile with layer boundaries.The oxygen concentration was measured under different humidity conditions at different depths. The porosity and loss on ignition was measured on samples in 2006,2010 and 2013.

  • 图6 两个木材样本V2(左)和V3(右)内不同深度不同时间点的氧气浓度[31]

  • Fig.6 Oxygen concentration measured at different time, as % O2 saturation, plotted versus depth under the wood surface for the two samples V2 (left) and V3 (right)

  • 图7 浸水木质样品的耗氧速率分布(a),100%相对湿度的大气与水环境中木质样品与金属和琥珀的耗氧速率对比(b)[132]

  • Fig.7 Rate distribution of oxygen consumption for soaked woods (a) , oxygen consumption rates of wood versus metal and amber in atmosphere at 100% RH and water (b)

  • 7 光传导辅助氧气消耗法评估文物保护材料及保护效果

  • 耗氧速率不仅可用于评估文物的稳定性,也可用于评估文物包装运输过程及保护修复手法和所用材料的有效性。对金属文物而言有效脱除氯离子是保护的关键[33-34]。Watkinson和Rimmer通过光传导辅助氧气消耗法量化评估考古铁质文物的脱氯有效性[21],对比脱盐处理前后的铁质样品的耗氧速率与其所含氯离子浓度,发现以碱性硫酸钠洗脱文物中的氯离子可一定程度降低金属腐蚀速率(图8)。Matthiesen和Stemann-Petersen[17]监测以不同封护材料保护的金属文物的耗氧速率。相同的测试条件下,以Dinitrol3850防锈蜡封护的文物耗氧速率远高于以微晶石蜡封护的文物,其中封护材料防锈蜡的自身耗氧速率略高于微晶石蜡(0.1 mg/d),因此在评估文物自身氧气消耗水平时要尽可能排除外加材料的耗氧干扰。Paterakis和Mariano[35]以光传导辅助氧气消耗法评估金属文物包装运输过程中不同类型脱氧剂的除氧效率,得到脱氧剂与其适用空间体积的关系[36]。Thickett将光传导辅助氧气消耗法应用于加速老化Oddy测试[24],金属Fe、Cu和Pd的重量损失与28 d的氧气消耗量呈现很好的线性关系(图9)。

  • 图8 以60℃碱性亚硫酸盐处理两周后,铁质样品的耗氧量变化与氯离子脱除率的关系[21]

  • Fig.8 Change in oxygen consumption rate and de-chloride efficiency due to treatment in alkaline sulphite at 60℃ for two weeks

  • 图9 加速老化Oddy测试中铅、铜、铁的腐蚀质量损失与氧气消耗量的对应线性关系[24]

  • Fig.9 Correlation of oxygen depletion versus total mass loss for lead (Pb) , copper (Cu) and steel (Fe) of accelerated ageing Oddy test

  • 8 氧气消耗法与其他测试方法的比较

  • 借助光传导的耗氧量监测方法虽处于发展阶段,但其结果已得到其他成熟方法印证。Matthiesen和Wonsyld验证了未腐蚀的铜质和铁质样品的耗氧速率和重量损失的线性相关,也得到了火焰原子吸收光谱表征的汽提液中铁的浓度与耗氧量的对应关系[25]。Thickett的加速老化Oddy实验证明了腐蚀的重量损失与氧气消耗量有线性关系[24]。理想条件下若腐蚀只发生单一耗氧过程,则重量损失与氧气消耗量只与金属的氧化价态(z)和摩尔质量有关,见等式(5)。

  • 金属失重量 (mg) 氧气消耗量 (mg)=4× 金属摩尔质量 (mol/g)z× 氧气摩尔质量 (mol/g)
    (5)
  • 对于已腐蚀样本,通过对其耗氧速率的监控可评估其劣化程度和氧化反应速率,这是重量法和原子吸收光谱所不能及的,因此针对已腐蚀样本目前尚无法建立多种监测方法间的对应关系。此外,在金属腐蚀研究中常采用的电化学阻抗法与耗氧量的对应关系有待进一步研究。

  • 9 结论与展望

  • 光学传感辅助氧气消耗法具有简便性和灵活性的特点,可针对文物和测试的需求定制实验条件和监测方法。可以应用于不同湿度条件、环境体系、样本材质的监测,有很好的应用前景。这种方法在文物保护领域多应用于金属文物的研究,主要原因是金属腐蚀过程相对简单、易于量化,氧气消耗和腐蚀速率易建立对应关系。这种光传导氧气消耗法可应用于包括包装运输、脱盐、封护等流程在内的金属文物保护的全过程。通过14 d的监测周期即可完成样品耗氧速率的评估,从而可快速判断金属文物保护过程的有效性。光学传感辅助氧气消耗法测量技术可补充现有的金属腐蚀监测体系。对于非金属类文物,也可以通过光学辅助的方法同时监测样品整体及内部单一或多个位点的氧气浓度,分析氧气的传递方式及相关位点的反应过程。氧化反应是有机质文物老化、腐朽的主要原因。其氧化过程相对复杂,氧气消耗量不易对应具体的氧化反应,故目前对此尚未有深入的报道。光学传感辅助氧气消耗法在文物保护领域属于新兴方法,无损、可原位的监测特点使其可应用于文物的日常保管与维护。氧气消耗法可直接得到文物样品的耗氧速率,从而判断文物的氧化过程。但该方法需将文物封存于密封体系,涉及常规保存环境优化调整。微环境的改变可能会间接损害文物;且监测频率及展出需求都会对监测结果和监测周期产生影响,限制了该方法的推广使用。因此应依据文物样品特性的不同,针对性地选择监测评估方法,并建立氧气消耗法与常规表征手段的对应关系,从而使新方法更好地应用于文物保护领域。

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    • [4] STUSEK P,POHLEVEN F,CAPL D. Detection of wood boring insects by measurement of oxygen consumption[J]. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation,2000,46:293-298.

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