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作者简介:

丁莉(1990—),女,博士,馆员,主要从事和文物保护与科技考古相关的有机质分析检测及博物馆环境中有机污染物的分析,E-mail:dingli@chnmuseum.cn

中图分类号:K876.9;O631.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2022)04-0105-09

DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20210302063

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目录contents

    摘要

    文化遗产的气味不仅反映了文物的历史信息,还对文化遗产自身产生持续性的影响,因此了解文化遗产的气味对其价值研究和当代保护都具有重要意义。本工作采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术对中国国家博物馆藏《江友渚等七挖书画轴》天头用纸散发的气体进行了采集、分离和分析。结果表明:与纸张降解相关的标志物(如脂肪酸、醛、酮等)得到有效采集;而其他生物标记物(如沉香螺醇)的检出也反映了该书画轴的历史保存环境信息。此方法对该件书画轴的历史价值认知和科学保护具有重要作用。

    Abstract

    The odors of cultural heritage objects not only reflect their historical information, but also have lasting impacts on the objects themselves. Therefore, understanding the odors of cultural heritage objects is of great significance for research and contemporary conservation. In this work, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to collect, separate and analyze the odors emitted from the head margin paper of a scroll painting collected in the National Museum of China. The results show that the method could effectively collect markers related to paper degradation (such as fatty acids, aldehydes and ketones). In addition, the detection of other biomarkers (such as agarospirol) also reflects information about the historical preservation environments of the scroll. This method plays an important role in understanding the historical value and scientific conservation of the painting.

  • 0 引言

  • 气味通过嗅觉感知,能够引发情绪、唤起回忆,给人以特殊的体验。文化遗产也有自己独特的气味,体验文化遗产的气味能够丰富人们对历史文化遗产的了解,并使人们以更加感性的方式参与到历史之中。文物特殊的气味,可能与文化习俗、实践和表达相关。例如,收藏于德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校哈里·兰塞姆中心(Harry Ransom Center)的T.E.Lawrence的《尤利西斯》副本散发出甜美的烟熏味,由此引起了人们对作者生前经历的探讨[1]。在法国格拉斯地区,当地的制香技艺也被纳入人类非物质文化遗产名录[2]。此外,文化遗产的气味不仅反映了历史信息,还对文化遗产自身产生持续性的影响。例如,敦煌莫高洞窟内所散发的异味气体,来源于其地仗层中麦草、麻刀等高纤维性植物的降解,这些异味气体分子在紫外光辐照下能产生一系列活泼自由基,并与洞窟内无机颜料发生氧化反应,加剧壁画病害[3]。图书馆和档案馆往往充满着纸制品的“香气”,这些香气来自于纸张的自然降解,并对纸张进一步老化具有促进作用[4-7]。因此,了解文化遗产的气味对文化遗产的历史信息研究与当代保护都具有重要作用。

  • 文化遗产的气味来自于自身散发的挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compound,VOC)。文化遗产的气味识别主要集中于有机质文物,如纸质文物、木质文物、蜡制品和塑料制品等[8-11]。固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS)是用于挥发性有机化合物采集、分离及检测的有效手段。Battistel等[12]利用该技术调查了机制和手工日本纸释放气体的组分,发现乙酸和1-丁醇在机制纸和手工纸中检出,而在造纸的纤维中未检出,表明这些化合物的释放与造纸工艺相关。波兰克拉科夫国家博物馆的Sawoszczuk等[13-14]通过SPME采集霉变的纸张、木质文物上方的气体,分析其微生物所排出的生物标记物,从而判定纸张和木制品上附着的微生物种类。Lattuati-Derieux等[8]对奥赛博物馆的一件蜡制雕塑进行了气味分析,并得到了蜂蜡的组分信息。Curran等[9]利用VOC分析对著名雕塑家Antoine Pevsner的赛璐珞雕塑进行了材质老化程度的判断。

  • 本工作利用SPME-GC-MS技术对中国国家博物馆藏《江友渚等七挖书画轴》的气味进行了采集和分析,并综合讨论了其挥发性有机物与纸张降解的相关性。

  • 1 实验样品

  • 1.1 文物样品

  • 《江友渚等七挖书画轴》藏于中国国家博物馆文留库,是一件清代的一般文物。该画轴包含两件书法和五件绘画。经科学检测,该卷轴前期保存欠佳,以纸为裱件不利于展示与保存。2020年修复人员除去了其原有裱件,选择绢、绫等丝织品代替。原有裱件纸张则成为本工作的研究对象,从中选7个位置取样(图1),用于纸张纤维显微观察和气相色谱-质谱分析。

  • 图1 《江友渚等七挖书画轴》天头及纸样取样位置

  • Fig.1 Head margin of the scroll painting and sampling locations

  • 1.2 参考样品

  • 海南沉香(海南逸香贸易有限公司)、越南香珠(北京爱家收藏大观楼,沉香阁)、高丽纸(河北迁安)和蜜香纸(国家图书馆易晓辉提供)。

  • 2 实验仪器和方法

  • 2.1 实验仪器

  • 固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱分析在安捷伦7890A-5975C(Agilent,CA)气相色谱-质谱分析仪上完成,该设备外置CTC PAL自动进样平台(InLab,广州智达),可连续完成SPME采集、进样、老化等流程。

  • 2.2 实验方法

  • 使用填料为120 μm的ARR11-DVB/CWR120/20(divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane)箭型固相微萃取针。固相微萃取针第一次使用前在230℃老化炉中老化3min。在萃取前,称取100mg纸样于20mL顶空瓶中,60℃孵化30min。萃取过程参数:萃取针深度32mm,萃取温度60℃,萃取时间30min。脱附过程参数:脱附深度45mm,脱附温度240℃,脱附时间5min。此外,未放有纸样的顶空瓶也作为空白进行测试。

  • 固相微萃取针脱附的样品由气相色谱-质谱完成分离和检测。色谱条件为:DB-5MS毛细管柱,30m×0.25mm,膜厚0.25 μm,进样口温度230℃,不分流模式,高纯氦气载气流速0.8mL/min,辅助加热器270℃,柱箱初始温度35℃,保持10min,以5℃/min速率升至250℃,保持10min。质谱质量检测范围33~700amu,四级杆温度150℃,离子源温度230℃,电子源轰击能量70eV。总离子流谱采用TIC模式进行峰分析,提取信噪比大于3的峰,并与NIST2017谱库进行匹配,匹配因子阈值设置为80。

  • 固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱实验示意图如图2所示。

  • 图2 固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱实验示意图

  • Fig.2 Schematic diagram of SPME-GC-MS

  • 3 结果与讨论

  • 3.1 天头纸样纤维鉴定

  • 天头裱件纸张分为深棕色的修补用纸(对应于取样位置1、2、3和5)和黄色裱纸(对应于取样位置4、6和7)。天头纸样纤维显微照片(图3)显示:取样位置3的深棕色修补用纸的纸张纤维与染色剂作用呈淡酒红色,纤维较长,可见胶衣,判断该样品为皮纸;取样位置6为天头所用的黄色裱纸,其纤维与染色剂作用呈淡酒红色和蓝色,其中淡酒红色纤维可见胶衣,为韧皮纤维,而蓝色纤维末端变细,呈竹纸纤维形态,此外还可见两端尖细、细碎短小,具有横节纹的稻草纤维。因此,《江友渚等七挖书画轴》的天头用纸以皮纸为主,并含有少量的竹纤维和稻草纤维。

  • 图3 天头纸样纤维显微照片

  • Fig.3 Micrographs of the fiber from the head margin paper samples

  • 3.2 天头纸样的挥发性有机化合物筛查

  • 《江友渚等七挖书画轴》天头纸样散发的挥发性有机化合物的总离子流图有较大差异(图4),可能是由于水渍及历史修复等因素导致的纸样不均一引起的。但是,其散发的化合物种类具有相似的指纹特征。将各流出组分的质谱图与NIST库进行匹配,选取匹配因子在80分以上的化合物作为非靶向筛选的结果,各组分的指认信息列于表1。在7个纸样中,共筛查出83种化合物,主要以酸、醛、酮和萜类为主。酸主要包含丙酸、戊酸、己酸、辛酸、壬酸等脂肪酸。醛主要包含辛醛、壬醛、癸醛等脂肪醛以及苯甲醛、间苯二甲醛等芳香醛。酮类主要由苯乙酮和对乙基苯乙酮等。此外,还筛查出十分丰富的萜类化合物。此前,人们已对一般的木浆纸、日本手工纸的挥发性有机化合物进行过筛查,并发现了多种与纸张降解相关的潜在标记物,这些标记物能够反映纸张中不同成分的降解[15-20]。纸张所散发的有机酸主要来源于纤维素和半纤维素的深度降解及纸张中所含脂质的氧化,脂肪醛和脂肪酮也与脂质的自氧化相关,而带有苯环的芳香醛类化合物主要来自于纸张中木质素的降解。《江友渚等七挖书画轴》除了散发与纸张基质降解相关的产物外,还散发出许多樟脑油的挥发组分,例如樟脑、合成樟脑、2,3-樟脑二醇、表樟腦、水合樟烯、黄樟素和冰片。这些组分可能与文物库房中放置的驱虫樟脑丸相关。

  • 图4 天头纸样的挥发性有机化合物的总离子流图

  • Fig.4 TICs of VOCs from the head margin paper samples

  • 表1 天头纸样挥发性有机化合物非靶向筛查列表

  • Table1 Non-targeted screening compound list of the VOCs from the head margin paper

  • (续表1)

  • (续表1)

  • 根据纸样1~7的总离子流图(图4),在保留时间30~40min处有一系列特征化合物流出,这个区间位于正十三烷与正十八烷之间,包含一些萜类物质,例如α-蒎烯、α-柏木烯、α-石竹烯、β-柏木烯、马兜铃烯、γ-依兰油烯、α-姜黄烯、异丁香烯、β-愈创木烯、巴伦西亚橘烯、α-依兰油烯、杜松烯醇、沉香螺醇、缬草醇等,其中最具生物标志性的化合物是沉香螺醇(保留时间为35.47min),NIST库匹配得分为93.5,保留指数为1 638(图5),与文献报道的保留指数计算值1 651接近[21]。沉香螺醇的天然植物来源为沉香树,著名的沉香香料的形成就来源于这种树[22]。其他萜类物质在不同产地的沉香挥发性物质中也有报道[21]。这个发现暗示着这件清代的《江友渚等七挖书画轴》的裱纸与沉香可能存在着某种联系。

  • 图5 纸样1中沉香螺醇的检出情况

  • Fig.5 Detection of agarospirol from Sample1

  • 3.3 关于纸中沉香的讨论

  • 关于《江友渚等七挖书画轴》揭裱纸中沉香的讨论主要包含两个问题:1)沉香的产地来源;2)沉香是以何种方式与这件书画轴产生关联。

  • 先讨论第一个问题。在国内,沉香分为国产沉香和进口沉香。国产沉香主要产于海南、广东、广西和云南等地,属瑞香科沉香属植物,又名土沉香[23]。其中海南自古以来就是我国沉香最主要的产地,也是品质最高的。进口沉香的主要产地是越南、印度尼西亚、马来西亚等地。本次选择国产的海南沉香和进口的越南沉香进行成分比较分析。

  • 如表2所示,在越南沉香中筛查出沉香标记物沉香螺醇,此外还检测出了异香兰素、花侧柏烯、α-沉香呋喃、柏木脑、γ-桉叶油醇、乙酸愈创木酚酯等。其中花侧柏烯、柏木脑、γ-桉叶油醇与《江友渚等七挖书画轴》天头纸中筛查出的挥发性组分相同。

  • 表2 越南沉香挥发性有机化合物筛查表

  • Table2 VOCs identified from Vietnamese agilawood

  • 表3是海南沉香中筛查到的挥发性组分,其中包含环氧柏木烷、γ-桉叶油醇、沉香螺醇。除沉香螺醇标志物外,仅有γ-桉叶油醇与《江友渚等七挖书画轴》揭裱纸中筛查出的挥发性组分相同。根据以上分析,从挥发性化合物的组分种类上看,《江友渚等七挖书画轴》上的沉香更接近于越南沉香;但是这个结论还是十分初步的,因为沉香的挥发性组分与其产地和结香方式等都有关系,仅凭其挥发性组分的种类判断其产地是十分困难的,所以还有待进一步研究[24-25]

  • 表3 海南沉香挥发性有机化合物筛查表

  • Table3 VOCs identified from Hainan agilawood

  • 第二个需要探讨的问题是沉香是以何种方式与这件书画轴产生关联的。

  • 1)假设一:沉香树皮用于造纸。人们现在所认为的沉香树在古代称之为“蜜香树”。蜜香在自然受损或者人为砍伐4~5年之后,会结香,取其不腐者为沉香。古人曾用蜜香树造纸,如《南方草木状·蜜香纸》记载:“蜜香纸,以蜜香树皮叶作之,微褐色,有纹如鱼子,极香而坚韧,水渍之,不溃烂。”[26]若以沉香树中含有树脂的木材为原料,则沉香可能在纸张的制造过程中就引入了。为了解开这个疑惑,选取了现代的蜜香纸作为参考进行比较。如表4所示,现代蜜香纸的挥发性有机化合物有α-蒎烯、异香兰素、香叶基丙酮、柏木脑,并未检测到最直接的沉香标记物沉香螺醇。这可能是因为造纸工艺中的高温蒸煮过程导致其挥发性组分难以保留。

  • 2)假设二:环境的沾染。沉香作为一种名贵的香料在古代有多种使用方式,可作为焚香使用,也能制作把玩物件。因此,《江友渚等七挖书画轴》上的沉香极有可能是来自于人们使用过程中的无意沾染,例如焚香或者是该书画轴曾与沉香置于同一空间存储。为了验证该设想,将100mg皮纸(高丽纸)与越南沉香同放于20mL的小瓶中,密闭存储24d后,将100mg皮纸取出在空气中放置5min,再转移至一个新的20mL小瓶中,进行SPME采样测试。表5为越南沉香熏染后的纸张挥发性有机物成分,其中筛查出沉香螺醇、香叶基丙酮、β-桉叶醇、乙酸愈创木酚酯、姥鲛烷等与越南沉香相关的物质。该实验证明,纸张具有多孔疏松的结构,是沉香挥发性组分良好的吸附体,沉香可以在纸张上熏染并留下其标记物。

  • 表4 现代蜜香纸挥发性有机化合物筛查表

  • Table4 VOCs identified from modern Mixiang paper

  • 表5 越南沉香珠熏染后的纸张挥发性有机物

  • Table5 VOCs identified from the paper fumigated with Vietnamese agilawood

  • (续表5)

  • 综合以上分析,《江友渚等七挖书画轴》上的沉香成分更有可能来自于历史保存过程中的环境沾染。《江友渚等七挖书画轴》保存于中国国家博物馆文留库,但在此库中与其相邻放置的另一件画轴《俞林人物轴》的镶料纸上,未采集到沉香相关的标记物。因此,可排除沉香在文留库中发生沾染的可能性。

  • 4 结论

  • 本工作利用SPME-GC-MS技术对藏品《江友渚等七挖书画轴》的气味进行了采集和分析。结果表明:该书画轴裱纸散发出多种与纸张降解相关的化合物(如脂肪酸、芳香醛、酮等);樟脑等挥发性有机物的检出反映了该书画轴近年来的保存环境信息。此外,还检测出大量沉香生物标记物,并通过模拟实验探讨了沉香的来源,最终推测该沉香可能来自于历史保存环境的沾染。

  • SPME-GC-MS是一种研究文化遗产气味的有效手段,可快速无损地采集纸质文物散发的挥发性有机化合物成分。该方法得到的气体信息与纸张降解的产物直接相关,能够从根本上反映纸质文物降解过程中发生的物质变化,为其老化过程提供直接证据。同时,萦绕在纸张周围的气味分子,也将持续与纸张自身发生作用。因此,了解纸张散发的挥发性有机化合物对于纸质文物的当代保护十分重要。此外,这些气味分子作为一种可以流传的“无形”载体,也为人们了解文化遗产过去的历史经历,增添了一条途径。

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    • [24] 梅文莉,曾艳波,刘俊,等.五批国产沉香挥发性成分的GC-MS分析[J].中药材,2007(5):551-555.MEI Wenli,ZENG Yanbo,LIU Jun,et al.GC-MS analysis of volatile constituents from five different kinds of Chinese eaglewood[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials,2007(5):551-555.

    • [25] 贾东宇,伊松林,何正斌.应用逐步回归和Fisher判别方法对沉香的鉴别[J].东北林业大学学报,2018,46(6):43-49,62.JIA Dongyu,YI Songlin,HE Zhengbin.Classification of agarwood samples using stepwise regression and Fisher discriminant analysis methods[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2018,46(6):43-49,62.

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  • 参考文献

    • [1] ORAM R,BISHOP E.The sweet smell of provenance[J].Chronicle of Higher Education,2005,52(6):18-19.

    • [2] UNESCO.The skills related to perfume in Pays de Grasse:the cultivation of perfume plants,the knowledge and processing of natural raw materials,and the art of perfume composition[EB/OL].(2018-07-25)[2021-03-01].https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-skills-related-to-perfume-in-pays-de-grasse-the-cultivation-of-perfume-plants-the-knowledge-and-processing-of-natural-raw-materials-and-the-art-of-perfume-composition-01207.

    • [3] 唐玉民,孙元俊,孙儒僴,等.莫高窟洞窟中异味气体成分试析及治理[J].敦煌研究,1990(4):91-97,122.TANG Yumin,SUN Yuanjun,SUN Ruxian,et al.The preliminary assessment of analyzing and processing the abnormal smell in some caves of Mogaoku[J].Dunhuang Research,1990(4):91-97,122.

    • [4] 龙堃,易晓辉,闫智培,等.糠醛对纸质文献耐久性的影响研究[J].自然与文化遗产研究,2019,4(7):111-114.LONG Kun,YI Xiaohui,YAN Zhipei,et al.Study on the effect of furfural on durability of paper literature[J].Study on Natural and Cultural Heritage,2019,4(7):111-114.

    • [5] DUPONT A L,TETREAULT J.Cellulose degradation in an acetic acid environment[J].Studies in Conservation,2000,45(3):201-210.

    • [6] STRLIČ M,CIGIĆ I K,MOŽIR A,et al.The effect of volatile organic compounds and hypoxia on paper degradation[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2011,96(4):608-615.

    • [7] DANIELS V D.The chemistry of paper conservation[J].Chemical Society Reviews,1996,25(3):179.

    • [8] LATTUATI-DERIEUX A,THAO S,LANGLOIS J,et al.First results on headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of volatile organic compounds emitted by wax objects in museums[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2008,1187(1-2):239-249.

    • [9] CURRAN K,UNDERHILL M,GRAU-BOVE J,et al.Frontispiece:classifying degraded modern polymeric museum artefacts by their smell[J].Angewandte Chemie-International Edition,2018,57(25):7336-7340.

    • [10] LA NASA J,BIALE G,SABATINI F,et al.Synthetic materials in art:a new comprehensive approach for the characterization of multi-material artworks by analytical pyrolysis[J].Heritage Science,2019,7(1):8:1-8:14.

    • [11] BEMBIBRE C,STRLIČ M.Smell of heritage:a framework for the identification,analysis and archival of historic odours[J].Heritage Science,2017,5(1):2:1-2:11.

    • [12] BATTISTEL D,PADOVANI I,DALLO F,et al.Evaluation of the volatile organic compound emissions in modern and naturally aged Japanese paper[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2018,33:18-29.

    • [13] CERKOWNIAK M,BOGUS M I,WLOKA E,et al.Application of headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to determine esters of carboxylic acids and other volatile compounds in Dermestes maculatus and Dermestes ater lipids[J].Biomedical Chromatography,2018,32(2):e4051.

    • [14] SAWOSZCZUK T,SYGULA-CHOLEWINSKA J,DEL HOYO-MELENDEZ J M.Application of solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the early detection of active moulds on historical woollen objects[J].Journal of Separation Science,2017,40(4):858-868.

    • [15] LATTUATI-DERIEUX A,BONNASSIES-TERMES S,LAVÉDRINE B.Characterisation of compounds emitted during natural and artificial ageing of a book.Use of headspace-solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2006,7(2):123-133.

    • [16] LATTUATI-DERIEUX A,BONNASSIES-TERMES S,LAVEDRINE B.Identification of volatile organic compounds emitted by a naturally aged book using solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2004,1026(1-2):9-18.

    • [17] GUTTERIDGE J M C.Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage[J].Clinical Chemistry,1995,41(12):1819-1828.

    • [18] CLARK A J,CALVILLO J L,ROOSA M S,et al.Degradation product emission from historic and modern books by headspace SPME/GC-MS:evaluation of lipid oxidation and cellulose hydrolysis[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2011,399:3589-3600.

    • [19] GASPAR E M,SANTANA J C,LOPES J.F,et al.Volatile organic compounds in paper—an approach for identification of markers in aged books[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2010,397(1):369-380.

    • [20] STRLICˇ M,THOMAS J,TRAFELA T,et al.Material degradomics:on the smell of old books[J].Analytical Chemistry,2009,81(20):8617-8622.

    • [21] 尹国伟.基于SPME-GC-MS技术的沉香品质鉴定[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.YIN Guowei.The quality evaluation of Agarwood based on the technology of SPME-GC-MS[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.

    • [22] 黄俊卿,魏建和,张争,等.沉香结香方法的历史记载、现代研究及通体结香技术[J].中国中药杂志,2013,38(3):302-306.HUANG Junqing,WEI Jianhe,ZHANG Zheng,et al.Historical records and modern studies on agarwood production method and overall agarwood production method[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,2013,38(3):302-306.

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    • [25] 贾东宇,伊松林,何正斌.应用逐步回归和Fisher判别方法对沉香的鉴别[J].东北林业大学学报,2018,46(6):43-49,62.JIA Dongyu,YI Songlin,HE Zhengbin.Classification of agarwood samples using stepwise regression and Fisher discriminant analysis methods[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2018,46(6):43-49,62.

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