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陕西旬邑西头遗址出土彩绘白灰面的成分和工艺分析

  • 张杰妮1,2

    机 构：

    1. 西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安 710069

    2. 文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室(西北大学),陕西西安 710127

    ×
  • ， 杨璐1,2

    机 构：

    1. 西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安 710069

    2. 文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室(西北大学),陕西西安 710127

    ×
  • ， 豆海锋1,2

    机 构：

    1. 西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安 710069

    2. 文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室(西北大学),陕西西安 710127

    ×
  • ， 黄建华3,4

    机 构：

    3. 秦始皇帝陵博物院,陕西西安 710600

    4. 陶质彩绘文物保护国家文物局重点科研基地(秦始皇帝陵博物院),陕西西安 710600

    ×
  • ， 孙文言1,2

    机 构：

    1. 西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安 710069

    2. 文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室(西北大学),陕西西安 710127

    ×

1. 西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安 710069；
2. 文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室(西北大学),陕西西安 710127；
3. 秦始皇帝陵博物院,陕西西安 710600；
4. 陶质彩绘文物保护国家文物局重点科研基地(秦始皇帝陵博物院),陕西西安 710600；

Material and technical analyses of painted plasters excavated from Xitou site in Xunyi County

  • ZHANG Jieni1,2

    Affiliation：

    1. School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069 , China

    2. Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710127 , China

    ×
  • ， YANG Lu1,2

    Affiliation：

    1. School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069 , China

    2. Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710127 , China

    ×
  • ， DOU Haifeng1,2

    Affiliation：

    1. School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069 , China

    2. Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710127 , China

    ×
  • ， HUANG Jianhua3,4

    Affiliation：

    3. Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum, Xi’an 710600 , China

    4. Key Scientific Research Base of Protection of Painted Pottery and Cultural Relics (Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum),State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Xi’an 710600 , China

    ×
  • ， SUN Wenyan1,2

    Affiliation：

    1. School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069 , China

    2. Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710127 , China

    ×

1. School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069 , China；
2. Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710127 , China；
3. Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum, Xi’an 710600 , China；
4. Key Scientific Research Base of Protection of Painted Pottery and Cultural Relics (Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum),State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Xi’an 710600 , China；

作者简介:

张杰妮(1995—),2018级西北大学文化遗产学院文物保护学硕士研究生,现在金华市文物保护与考古研究所工作,E-mail:ppjn@qq.com

通讯作者:

杨璐(1979—),研究方向为文物有机残留物分析,考古发掘现场文物保护,E-mail:yldeemail@163.com

中图分类号:K879

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2022)04-0058-08

DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20210702209

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目录contents

    摘要

    对陕西旬邑县西头遗址出土的彩绘白灰面进行了成分和制作工艺分析。采用偏光显微分析、扫描电镜能谱、X射线衍射,拉曼光谱分析了该彩绘面的颜料和石灰层成分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析了该彩绘面的胶料成分。结果表明,该彩绘面的颜料由铁红,铁黄和绿土构成。白灰层由碳酸钙构成,部分样品中存在双层白灰层。GC-MS分析表明,该彩绘面的胶料含动物胶,可能还含蛋类。通过比较研究发现,旬邑彩绘白灰面的制作工艺和与后期壁画制作工艺相似,对其组成和工艺的研究将有助于探索先周时期关中地区壁画的起源和发展。

    Abstract

    Our study dealt with the material and technical aspects of newly discovered painted plaster fragments excavated from Xitou site in Xunyi County, Shaanxi Province (Xunyi is one of the earliest birthplaces of the Zhou Dynasties). A multi-technical approach was employed to identify the inorganic and organic materials in the painted plasters. The plaster layer and pigments were investigated by means of polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectrometry. The results show that the pigments are iron-based ones (red and yellow ochre) and green earth. The plaster layer is mainly consisted of calcite, while a thin lime mortar forms the backing between the lime plaster coat and the painted layer in some samples. The adhesive ingredients were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results show that the binding materials on the painted plaster contain animal glue and perhaps egg. In addition, through comparison, it was found that the technique used for the painted plasters in Xunyi was similar to that used for other typical Chinese archaic murals. This study could help us explore the origin and history of murals in Guanzhong area during the pre-Zhou period.

  • 0 引言

  • 一些早期人类文化遗存中经常会出土带彩绘的建筑残块,即彩绘白灰面,青铜时代的众多房屋地画与壁画都绘制于白灰面之上[1-5],在那个文字信息匮乏的时期,研究这些古老的彩绘白灰面的成分和工艺可以获取壁画的制作工艺信息,有助于探究早期壁画艺术的起源和发展[6-7]。2018年,在陕西旬邑西头遗址的发掘过程中出土了一批白底带彩绘的建筑残块,疑似壁画残片,根据同时出土的陶片等遗物和地层关系可判断其年代至少在西周。

  • 旬邑位于陕西西北部,渭北高原(黄土高原的一部分)的南部边缘,是中国古代“豳地”的一部分。“豳地”是周人最早的聚居地之一,《汉书·地理志》于“栒邑”注有:“有豳乡,《诗》豳国,公刘所都”[8]。周是中国历史上一个重要部分,周的起源和社会发展,一直是中国学者研究的热点。本次出土的彩绘面发掘自旬邑县张洪镇西头村西头遗址,遗址面积80平方公里,主要的文化内涵即周文化。

  • 国际上对彩绘白灰面的研究非常多[4-5,9-12],相比之下,中国境内出土的彩绘白灰面数量十分有限,因此对彩绘白灰面或者说早期壁画的研究也比较匮乏,比较有代表性的只有对石峁遗址出土的新石器时代晚期壁画残块的研究[13]。本次西头遗址出土的先周彩绘白灰面虽已破碎成数块,但研究其成分和结构,对获取先周时期壁画的制作工艺信息,探究中国关中地区早期壁画的发展和传承有重要价值。

  • 为了揭示这批彩绘白灰面的制作工艺,本研究通过样品断面显微观察分析了其彩绘层结构,通过粉末偏光显微法、拉曼光谱法、能谱法结合X射线衍射法等技术分析了其颜料和白灰层成分,通过气相色谱质谱联用法鉴定了其使用的胶料种类。

  • 1 样品和方法

  • 1.1 样品介绍

  • 该遗址出土的彩绘白灰面主要有一大一小两块和碎片若干,其彩绘以红白色为主,少量带黄绿色。图1a,1b是其中最大的两块残块。P1面积约16cm×22cm,上有红白黄绿四种颜色,其表面较为粗糙,颜料层和灰泥层多有脱落。P2上有红白黄三色,其表面相对平整,颜料的附着度也较好,推测这两块壁画残块的制作工艺可能有所区别。

  • 为了全面揭示这批出土彩绘白灰面的制作工艺,对P1、P2和一块带绿色颜料的残片(图1c)分别进行了采样分析。共采了13个样品,包括6个颜料样品:编号P1RP、P1YP、P1GP、P2RP、P2YP、P3GP。3个白灰层样品:编号P1P、P2P、P3P;4个颜料层和白灰层结构完整的碎片(用于断面分析),编号P1RF、P1WF、P2RF、P3GF。(P1,P2,P3分别代表采样自1号,2号,3号彩绘白灰面;RP,YP,GP分别代表红色,黄色,绿色颜料;RF,WF,GF分别代表绘有红色,白色和绿色颜料的碎片)。

  • 图1 旬邑出土彩绘白灰面样块

  • Fig.1 Painted plasters for the study

  • 1.2 仪器及测试条件

  • 彩绘残片的剖面观察采用Leitz Laborlux S反射偏光显微镜。用环氧树脂包埋样品,真空固化24h后用砂纸打磨,抛光,最后进行显微观察。物镜放大倍数为10~20倍。

  • 通过扫描电镜结合能谱,粉末偏光显微分析,拉曼光谱,X射线衍射检测了样品的颜料和白灰层成分。能谱分析采用美国FEI公司生产的QUANTA650扫描电镜配合Oxford INCA X-MAX250能谱仪,将粉末样品附在导电胶带上,喷碳后上机测试。测试电压为20kV,工作距离10mm。粉末偏光显微分析采用了Leica DMLSP偏光显微镜和Leica Wild体视显微镜。在体视显微镜下挑取粉末颗粒样品于载玻片上,在加热条件下使用Meltmont固封树脂将样品颗粒固结,冷却固化后即可上机观察。激光显微拉曼光谱分析采用英国Renishaw公司生产的inVia-Reflex激光拉曼光谱分析仪,搭配Leica DMLM显微镜。采用氩离子激光器,激发光波长514nm,物镜放大倍数50倍,信息采集时间为10s,累加次数10次。X射线衍射分析采用了日本理学的Smart LAB转靶型X射线衍射仪,搭配铜转靶,标准Z样品台。受样品量的限制,对颜料和白灰层样品分别使用了微区模式测试和粉末模式测试,粉末模式测试条件为:电压40kV,电流150mA,扫描范围5°~90°,步长0.01°,扫描速度10°/min。微区测试测试条件为:电压45kV,电流200mA,扫描范围10°~80°,步长0.01°,扫描速度10°/min。

  • 采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了壁画残块的胶料组成。使用美国安捷伦科技有限公司生产的Agilent 7890A-5975C型气相色谱质谱联用仪和意大利迈尔斯通科技有限公司生产的Milestone ETHOS ONE型微波消解仪。样品的前处理包括氨水超声辅助萃取、C4柱固相萃取、蛋白质微波辅助水解等[14]。测试条件为:EI源,电压70eV,传输线温度280℃。以氦气为载气,流速为3.0mL/min,进样口温度250℃,每次进样2 μL。

  • 2 结果与讨论

  • 2.1 结构分析

  • 图2是四个彩绘白灰面残片(P1RF、P1WF、P2RF、P3GF)的剖面图:采自P1的红色样品P1RF有一层颜料层(厚度38~287.2 μm)和一层白灰层(厚度828~1 512 μm)(图2a),白色样品P1WF只有一层裸露的白灰层(平均厚度为1 420 μm),其上部没有施加颜料(图2b)。采自P2和P3的红色和绿色样品(P2RF,P3GF)有一层颜料层(厚度25.4~129.17 μm),一层白灰层(厚度1 150.028~1 339.027 μm),颜料层和白灰层中间还有一层很薄的白粉层(厚度10.2~28.4 μm)(图2c,2d)。相比含有许多杂质颗粒和碳酸钙团状聚集的白灰层,这一白粉层肉眼观察较为纯净,它的成分将在2.3.2节进行讨论。

  • 2.2 颜料分析

  • 2.2.1 红色和黄色颜料

  • 表1是所有颜料和白灰层样品的能谱分析结果汇总表。由表1可知,红色和黄色颜料的元素组成非常相似,其显色元素都是Fe,证明了它们有可能是氧化铁矿物颜料。颜料颗粒的偏光显微照片如图3,红色颜料颗粒在单偏光下呈暗红色,颗粒小,边缘较圆润,折射率较大,在正交偏光下有全消光性,黄色在单偏光下也是边缘较圆润的小颗粒,正交偏光下全消光,这些特征与氧化铁颜料相符。

  • 图2 旬邑彩绘白灰面剖面图

  • Fig.2 Polished cross sections of the painted fragment samples

  • 表1 旬邑彩绘石膏颜料样品扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM-EDS)结果汇总表

  • Table1 Summary of SEM-EDS chemical data of the examined samples

  • 图4是样品的拉曼分析结果,与标准谱库对比可知,红色和黄色样品的特征峰分别是赤铁矿和针铁矿。这证实了P1,P2的红色和黄色颜料分别为铁红和铁黄(赭石)。赭石是一种天然矿物颜料,可能含有多种氧化铁发色基团,研究发现含赤铁矿多的赭石颜料颜色偏红,含针铁矿或水性氧化铁多的颜料颜色偏黄[15-16]。赭石矿物颜料在古代彩绘文物,尤其是早期壁画中十分常见。

  • 图3 颜料偏光显微照片

  • Fig.3 Micrographs of the pigment samples (using polarized light microscopy)

  • 图4 颜料拉曼光谱图

  • Fig.4 Raman spectra of the pigment samples

  • 2.2.2 绿色颜料

  • 这批彩绘白灰面的绿色部分颜色呈浅灰绿色,存量少,偏光显微分析和拉曼光谱分析均未检测到有效成分信息。能谱分析表明,两个绿色样品(P1GP,P3GP)元素成分相似,均含有一定量的Fe,少量的K和Mg,没有Cu元素。由这一元素配比,推测其有可能是绿土。采用X射线衍射法对绿色颜料进行了微区分析(图5),P1GP中检测到了绿锥石和绿鳞石,P3GP中发现了绿锥石和斜绿泥石,同时还有石英,斜方钙沸石和高岭土,这证明了绿色颜料很可能就是绿土。绿土是一种成分复杂的矿物颜料,通常由绿鳞石、海绿石及绿锥石等显色物质和天然黏土矿物(蒙托石、石英、高岭石等)混合构成[17],不同矿床的绿土物质组成通常是不同的。绿土在世界各地都有广泛的应用,古罗马时期许多壁画中都有绿土[18-19],在中世纪的欧洲绿土还被用作绘画的底色[20],中国的陕西定边郝滩东汉壁画墓中绿土被用作壁画的底色[21]。

  • 图5 绿色颜料X射线衍射光谱图

  • Fig.5 XRD patterns of the green pigment samples

  • 本彩绘白灰面样品的白色颜料部分为下层白灰层,其成分将在下一节进行讨论。

  • 2.3 白灰层分析

  • 2.3.1 白灰层

  • 使用了X射线衍射粉末分析结合扫描电镜能谱对三个白灰层样品(P1P、P2P、P3P)进行了成分分析,由能谱分析结果(表1)可知,O、Ca、C是这批白灰层样品的主要组成元素,三个元素的平均质量分数总和超过了90%,显示了碳酸钙的存在。有个别测试点的Si含量比较高,可能来自土壤中的石英,其余则是土壤中的常规元素(Al,Mg,Fe)。图6是三个白灰面的X射线衍射分析结果,三个样品的谱图重合度较高,主峰都是方解石和石英,定量分析结果显示石英的占比在6.8%~14.2%不等,无法确定其为人为添加的砂砾还是土壤中混入的杂质。有个别峰是白云母和镁绿泥石,它们的成分非常少,应是土壤中混入的。

  • 图6 白灰层样品的X射线衍射光谱图

  • Fig.6 XRD patterns of the plaster layer samples

  • 2.3.2 白粉层

  • 由P2P、P3P样品的断面观察可知,其颜料层和白灰层之间接夹着一层白粉层,采用扫描电镜结合能谱对这部分断面进行了成分分析,结果显示,这部分的主要元素是C,O,Ca,三者质量分数总和达到了97.43%~98.78%,证明了其成分是比较纯净的碳酸钙。由剖面图可知,颜料层和这一白粉层的边界分明,没有互相交融现象,显示了碳酸钙结晶度较好,由此推测,当初工匠在绘制画面层之前,先在石灰面上涂刷了一层石灰浆打底,待石灰浆干燥以后,再在上面施加彩绘。在中国古代,有些壁画中有类似这种白粉层的结构,比如莫高窟壁画,还有元代的永乐宫壁画[22-23],它们往往由比较纯的高岭土,碳酸钙或石膏制成,既可以使绘画表面更加平整,也可以作为画面的底色。这种工艺出现在早期的彩绘石膏面上是比较少见的。这一白粉层的存在很可能就是P1,P2这两块彩绘白灰面保存完好程度不一样的原因。

  • 2.4 胶料分析

  • 采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测了4个颜料和2个白灰面样品(P1RP、P1YP、P2RP、P2YP;P1P、P2P)的蛋白质成分,对其中的11种氨基酸进行了定量分析。图7是其中一个样品的总离子流图。表2是样品的氨基酸组成汇总表,P2RP和P1P样品因为低于检出限没有得到结果。表2中Ala-丙氨酸;Gly-甘氨酸;Val-缬氨酸;Leu-亮氨酸;Ile-异亮氨酸;Ser-丝氨酸;Pro-脯氨酸;Phe-苯丙氨酸;Asp-天冬氨酸;Glu-谷氨酸;Hyp-羟脯氨酸;A/P:天冬氨酸(Asp)与脯氨酸(Pro)含量比;G/A:谷氨酸(Glu)与丙氨酸(Ala)含量比。

  • 图7 P1RP样品的总离子流图

  • Fig.7 Total ion chromatogram of Sample P1RP

  • 通过分析氨基酸的组成配比可以定性鉴定蛋白质的种类[24-26]。实验发现[27],常用蛋白胶料的氨基酸含量比有如下规律:蛋类中天冬氨酸(Asp)和脯氨酸(Pro)的含量之比(A/P)较高(平均值2.29);牛奶中的谷氨酸(Glu)和丙氨酸(Ala)含量之比(G/A)较高(平均值5.01),远高于其他蛋白胶料;动物胶中含有其特有的氨基酸——羟脯氨酸(Hyp),鸡蛋和奶类均不含该氨基酸,此外,动物胶的甘氨酸(Gly)含量也很高(平均值20.45)。由此分析本次文物样品的氨基酸组成:所有样品均含有羟脯氨酸(Hyp),其中甘氨酸(Gly)含量的平均值达20.70,表明这些样品中含动物胶。此外,三个颜料样品的A/P平均值为2.38,G/A为1.53,这也符合蛋类胶料的特征,由此推测,本彩绘石膏面有可能使用了动物胶和蛋类的混合胶。最后,白灰层样品(P2P)中也检测到了氨基酸,但含量较少,无法确定其是来自上层颜料的污染或是人为添加。

  • 表2 文物样品的氨基酸组成

  • Table2 Amino acid compositions of the painted plaster samples

  • 3 结论

  • 本研究通过扫描电镜能谱分析、偏光显微分析、拉曼光谱、GC-MS等方法研究了陕西旬邑西头遗址出土彩绘白灰面的成分和工艺。研究发现,该彩绘白灰面使用的颜料有铁红、铁黄和绿土,白灰面的主要材料为石灰。GC-MS分析表明,该彩绘石膏面的颜料中添加了动物胶,可能还含蛋类。综合分析发现,本次分析的彩绘白灰面的制作工艺与汉唐时期墓葬壁画的制作工艺相似,即以石灰面为地仗,其上施加带胶颜料层,类似壁画工艺最早在新石器时代晚期陕西神木石峁遗址就已出现[13]。石峁壁画是迄今为止中国境内出土数量最多的史前壁画,它的发现表明中国壁画的基本制作工艺及绘制技法在新石器时代就已确立,后期不过是继续沿用和丰富。西头遗址出土彩绘白灰面所用颜料与石峁遗址出土壁画相同(都有铁红、铁黄和绿土),从文化上看,旬邑遗址以先周文化为主,年代要晚于石峁遗址。本次对旬邑彩绘白灰面的研究一方面填补了中国地区早期彩绘白灰面的研究空白,另一方面为探究壁画在关中地区的起源和发展提供了重要的资料。对于旬邑和石峁这两个遗址的彩绘文物是否存在工艺传承的问题则有待进一步的考古发现。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] CLINE E H,YASUR-LANDAU A,GOSHEN N.New fragments of Aegean-style painted plaster from Tel Kabri,Israel[J].American Journal of Archaeology,2011,115(2):245-261.

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    • [5] LINN R,CLINE E H,YASUR-LANDAU A.Technological study of Middle Bronze Age painted plaster fragments from the Canaanite Palace of Tel Kabri,Israel-materials and painting techniques[J].Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports,2017,13:466-475.

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    • [12] VETTORI S,BRACCI S,CANTISANI E,et al.Archaeometric and archaeological study of painted plaster from the Church of St.Philip in Hierapolis of Phrygia(Turkey)[J].Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports,2009,24:869-878.

    • [13] 邵安定,付倩丽,孙周勇,等.陕西神木县石峁遗址出土壁画制作材料及工艺研究[J].考古,2015(6):109-120.SHAO Anding,FU Qianli,SUN Zhouyong,et al.Research on material and techniques of murals unearthed at Shimao site,Shenmu County,Shaanxi Province[J].Archaeology,2015(6):109-120.

    • [14] 杨璐,黄建华,申茂盛,等.秦始皇兵马俑彩绘胶料的气相色谱-质谱联用分析[J].分析化学,2019,47(5):695-701.YANG Lu,HUANG Jianhua,SHEN Maosheng,et al.Analysis of binding media of polychrome terracotta and horses of Qin Shihuang by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2019,47(5):695-701.

    • [15] HRADIL D,GRYGAR T,HRADILOVA J,et al.Clay and iron oxide pigments in the history of painting[J].Applied Clay Science,2003,22(5):223-236.

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    • [20] CENNINO C,THOMPSON J.The craftsman’s handbook[M].New York:Dover Publications,1978.

    • [21] 付倩丽,夏寅,王伟锋,等.定边郝滩东汉壁画墓绿色底层颜料分析研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2012,24(1):38-43.FU Qianli,XIA Yin,WANG Weifeng,et al..Technological study on the green pigment of mural paintings on tomb of the Eastern Han in Haotan,Dingbian[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2012,24(1):38-43.

    • [22] 李娜,于宗仁,善忠伟,等.永乐宫壁画制作材料及工艺的初步调查分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2019,31(5):65-74.LI Na,YU Zongren,SHAN Zhongwei,et al.The preliminary research on techniques and materials of wall paintings of Yongle Palace[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2019,31(5):65-74.

    • [23] 赵林毅,李燕飞,于宗仁,等.丝绸之路石窟壁画地仗制作材料及工艺分析[J].敦煌研究,2005(4):75-82.ZHAO Linyi,LI Yanfei,YU Zongren,et al.Studying on techniques and materials of of the grottoe murals on the Silk Road[J].Dunhuang Research,2005(4):75-82.

    • [24] COLOMBINI M P,FUOCO R,GIACOMELLI A,et al.Characterization of proteinaceous binders in wall painting samples by microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis and GC-MS determination of amino acids[J].Studies in Conservation,1998,43(1):33-41.

    • [25] CASOLI A,MUSINI PC,PALLA G.Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric approach to the problem of characterizing binding media in paintings[J].Journal of Chromatography A,1996,731(1-2):237-246.

    • [26] CASTELLANI L,FERRANTELLI P,SINIBALDI M,et al.Identification of proteinaceous adhesives in the wooden backing of Piero della Francescas painting Pala of Saint Bernardino:a gas chromatographic study[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2001,2(3):209-215.

    • [27] 杨璐,王丽琴,黄建华,等.氨基酸分析法研究蒙古国博格达汗宫建筑彩画的胶料种类[J].分析化学,2010,38(7):1044-1047.YANG Lu,WANG Liqin,HUANG Jianhua,et al.Identification of binding media by amino acid analysis from Bogda Cham Palace,Mongolia[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2010,38(7):1044-1047.

  • 基本信息

    中图分类号: K879
    文献标识码: A
    DOI: 10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20210702209
    文章编号: 1005-1538(2022)04-0058-08

    基金信息

    引用信息

    稿件历史

    收稿日期: 2021-07-29

  • 参考文献

    • [1] CLINE E H.The Oxford handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2010:223-236.

    • [2] CLINE E H,YASUR-LANDAU A,GOSHEN N.New fragments of Aegean-style painted plaster from Tel Kabri,Israel[J].American Journal of Archaeology,2011,115(2):245-261.

    • [3] BRYSBAERT A.Painted plaster from Bronze Age Thebes,Boeotia(Greece):a technological study[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2008,35(10):2761-2769.

    • [4] WESTLAKE P,SIOZOS P,PHILIPPIDIS A,et al.Studying pigments on painted plaster in Minoan,Roman and Early Byzantine Crete.A multi-analytical technique approach[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2012,402(4):1413-1432.

    • [5] LINN R,CLINE E H,YASUR-LANDAU A.Technological study of Middle Bronze Age painted plaster fragments from the Canaanite Palace of Tel Kabri,Israel-materials and painting techniques[J].Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports,2017,13:466-475.

    • [6] PRICE T D,BURTON J H.An introduction to archaeological chemistry[M].New York:Springer,2011:145-148.

    • [7] CILIBERTO E,SPOTO G.Modern analytical methods in art and archaeology[M].New York:John Wiley & Sons,2000.

    • [8] 陕西省考古研究院.2012年陕西省考古研究院考古发掘新收获[J].考古与文物,2013(2):3-10.Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology:2012 New gains from archaeological excavations of Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology[J].Archaeology and Cultural Relics,2013(2):3-10.

    • [9] AQUILIA E,BARONE G,CRUPI V,et al.Spectroscopic analyses of Hellenistic painted plasters from 2nd century B.C.,Sicily(South Italy)[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2012,13(2):229-233.

    • [10] CRUPI V,GALLI G,LA RUSSA M F,et al.Multi-technique investigation of Roman decorated plasters from Villa dei Quintili(Rome,Italy)[J].Applied Surface Science,2015,349:924-930.

    • [11] BRYSBAERT A,MELESSANAKI K,ANGLOS D.Pigment analysis in Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean painted plaster by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)[J].Journal of Archaeology Science,2006,33(8):1095-1104.

    • [12] VETTORI S,BRACCI S,CANTISANI E,et al.Archaeometric and archaeological study of painted plaster from the Church of St.Philip in Hierapolis of Phrygia(Turkey)[J].Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports,2009,24:869-878.

    • [13] 邵安定,付倩丽,孙周勇,等.陕西神木县石峁遗址出土壁画制作材料及工艺研究[J].考古,2015(6):109-120.SHAO Anding,FU Qianli,SUN Zhouyong,et al.Research on material and techniques of murals unearthed at Shimao site,Shenmu County,Shaanxi Province[J].Archaeology,2015(6):109-120.

    • [14] 杨璐,黄建华,申茂盛,等.秦始皇兵马俑彩绘胶料的气相色谱-质谱联用分析[J].分析化学,2019,47(5):695-701.YANG Lu,HUANG Jianhua,SHEN Maosheng,et al.Analysis of binding media of polychrome terracotta and horses of Qin Shihuang by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2019,47(5):695-701.

    • [15] HRADIL D,GRYGAR T,HRADILOVA J,et al.Clay and iron oxide pigments in the history of painting[J].Applied Clay Science,2003,22(5):223-236.

    • [16] CORNELL R M,SCHWERTMANN U.The iron oxides:structure properties,reactions occurrences and uses[M].New York:Wiley-VCH,1996.

    • [17] HRADIL D,PĺŠKOV A,HRADILOVÁ J,et al.Mineralogy of Bohemian green earth pigment and its microanalytical evidence in historical paintings[J].Archaeometry,2011,53(3):563-586.

    • [18] DELAMAREF,HACKENST,HELLYB.Caractérisation-Datation des peintures parietals et murales[M].Ravello:European University Centre for Cultural Heritage,1987:345-373.

    • [19] BEARAT H.Chemical and mineralogical analyses of gallo-Roman wall painting from Dietikon,Switzerland[J].Archaeometry,1996,38(1):81-95.

    • [20] CENNINO C,THOMPSON J.The craftsman’s handbook[M].New York:Dover Publications,1978.

    • [21] 付倩丽,夏寅,王伟锋,等.定边郝滩东汉壁画墓绿色底层颜料分析研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2012,24(1):38-43.FU Qianli,XIA Yin,WANG Weifeng,et al..Technological study on the green pigment of mural paintings on tomb of the Eastern Han in Haotan,Dingbian[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2012,24(1):38-43.

    • [22] 李娜,于宗仁,善忠伟,等.永乐宫壁画制作材料及工艺的初步调查分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2019,31(5):65-74.LI Na,YU Zongren,SHAN Zhongwei,et al.The preliminary research on techniques and materials of wall paintings of Yongle Palace[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2019,31(5):65-74.

    • [23] 赵林毅,李燕飞,于宗仁,等.丝绸之路石窟壁画地仗制作材料及工艺分析[J].敦煌研究,2005(4):75-82.ZHAO Linyi,LI Yanfei,YU Zongren,et al.Studying on techniques and materials of of the grottoe murals on the Silk Road[J].Dunhuang Research,2005(4):75-82.

    • [24] COLOMBINI M P,FUOCO R,GIACOMELLI A,et al.Characterization of proteinaceous binders in wall painting samples by microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis and GC-MS determination of amino acids[J].Studies in Conservation,1998,43(1):33-41.

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