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成都市青白江区双元村墓地朱砂的汞同位素分析

  • 白露

    机 构：

    成都文物考古研究院,四川成都 610074

    ×
  • ， 王天佑

    机 构：

    成都文物考古研究院,四川成都 610074

    ×
  • ， 杨颖东

    机 构：

    成都文物考古研究院,四川成都 610074

    ×

成都文物考古研究院,四川成都 610074；

Mercury isotopic fractionation of cinnabars found at tombs of Shuangyuan Village,Qingbaijiang District, Chengdu

  • BAI Lu

    Affiliation：

    Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Chengdu 610074 , China

    ×
  • ， WANG Tianyou

    Affiliation：

    Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Chengdu 610074 , China

    ×
  • ， YANG Yingdong

    Affiliation：

    Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Chengdu 610074 , China

    ×

Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Chengdu 610074 , China；

作者简介:

白露(1982—),男,馆员,成都文物考古研究院古建部,研究方向为文物保护、科技考古,E-mail:44314134@qq.com

中图分类号:K854

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2022)02-0097-05

DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20201101947

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目录contents

    摘要

    为尝试比较汞同位素分馏数据来跟踪朱砂矿源,对成都市青白江区双元村战国墓地11个墓中的朱砂样本进行汞同位素测定。汞同位素分馏值彼此相似,应来自同一矿源。δ 202Hg值从-1.18‰到-0.84‰不等(均值-1.010‰,标准误差0.105‰,样本数11个),和已发表的其他矿源汞同位素分馏值均存在差异。通过数据比较,可知成都青白江区双元村墓地不同墓中的漆器朱砂颜料汞同位素质量分馏值分布集中,极有可能来自同一矿源。如对周边地区朱砂矿进行汞同位素分馏值测量,有可能找出该墓地的矿源。

    Abstract

    The mercury isotopic compositions of 11 cinnabar samples collected from tombs at Shuangyuan Village, Qingbaijiang District, Chengdu, were determined. The results show a similar isotopic fractionation, ranging from -1.18‰ to -0.84‰ (avg.-1.010‰, S.E. 0.105‰, n =11). Compared with published data of some cinnabar ores, these fractionation numbers are different. In the future, these numbers may help to identify possible mineral sources of the Shuangyuan Village samples if mercury isotopic compositions of nearby cinnabar mines are analyzed.

  • 0 引言

  • 我国古代矿源问题涉及到古代社会交通交流、冶金发展水平等话题,历来是科技考古的热点之一。我国矿源的研究目前主要集中在青铜器中铅同位素示踪[1-5]。这是因为铅同位素在铜矿冶炼过程中不会发生分馏,因此能够指示铜矿产地[6]。汞同位素分馏目前在我国考古研究中尚无应用。国外Cooke等[7]曾利用此方法对南美安第斯山区各历史时期的文物进行分析,发现几乎所有朱砂均来自Huancavelica汞矿,唯独印加时期朱砂另有矿源,这说明利用朱砂中的汞同位素分馏值来推测矿源是可行的。

  • 汞(Hg)元素在元素周期表中为第80号元素,即汞元素的原子核内质子数固定为80个,中子数量则多少不一。相同质子数,不同中子数的核素互称为同位素。地球上稳定存在的汞同位素有196Hg(0.15%),198Hg(9.97%),199Hg(16.87%),200Hg(23.10%),201Hg(13.18%),202Hg(29.86%)和204Hg(6.87%)等7种(左上角数字为相对原子质量=质子数+中子数,括号内数字为汞同位素的相对自然丰度,又称为天然存在比,即自然界中所有不同的稳定汞同位素的质量比重)。196Hg在自然界中含量极少,一般不用于汞同位素的分析研究。自然环境中的复杂物理化学变化,导致不同地区矿脉的朱砂汞同位素比重有所变化,这种现象叫做同位素分馏。这种分馏为探索朱砂的矿源提供了可能。

  • 为了表示不同产地的汞同位素分馏现象,最佳办法为测量朱砂中的汞同位素比值,并将之与汞同位素的自然丰度进行对比。目前汞同位素自然丰度尚无统一且足够精确的数值,因此国际上通常采用将朱砂样品中的汞同位素比值数据与某一标准样品进行对比的方式,来表示汞同位素分馏现象。一般用美国国家标准和技术研究所(NIST)提供的汞标准溶液(NIST SRM 3133)作为标样来测定和比较汞同位素比值。

  • 同位素分馏通常用同位素偏差值δ表示。每个样品用质谱分析测得的汞同位素的质量比与标准样进行比较,即可直观表示样品的同位素分馏现象。通常同位素偏差的数值很小,因此δ值为千分值。

  • δ样品 xxx=R样品 xxx/198-R标样 xx/198R标样 xxx×1000‰
    (1)

  • 式中,δ即同位素偏差值,表示同位素分馏效应的大小,其单位以千分值表示;Rxxx/198为特定稳定同位素与198Hg含量之比。

  • 同位素分馏主要和同位素质量相关。质量差越大,分馏效应越大。通过Urey模型,只需要知道分子间振动自由度上的频率就可以通过计算得到它们之间同位素交换达到平衡时的分馏系数。一般质量相关的汞同位素平衡分馏会导致不同汞同位素的偏差值δ间比值为一常量。一般情况下,质量分馏后δ199Hg=0.252 0×δ202Hg,δ200=0.502 4×δ202Hg,δ201Hg=0.752 0×δ202Hg,δ204Hg=1.493 0×δ202Hg[8]。质量分馏一般用δ202Hg表示即可。这是因为202Hg的自然丰度最大,而且其比198Hg大4个相对原子质量。

  • 同位素分馏还受到一些其他作用——如热效应、核体积效应、同位素磁效应和压力等的影响[9],会造成非质量同位素分馏。这种特殊的同位素分馏一般用实际δ值与质量相关同位素分馏下预期的δ值的差值Δ来表示,即:

  • Δ199Hg=δ199Hg-δ202Hg×0.2520
    (2)
  • Δ200Hg=δ200Hg-δ202Hg×0.5024
    (3)
  • Δ201Hg=δ201Hg-δ202Hg×0.7520
    (4)
  • Δ204Hg=δ204Hg-δ202Hg×1.4930
    (5)

  • Δ值只有在δ值小于10(‰)的情况下才能近似有效,否则因为误差过大,不能使用。但一般情况下,δ值均满足这一条件。当发生非质量分馏时,一般Δ199Hg值变化较为明显,因此常用该值来表征样品的非质量分馏。

  • 1 分析样品和方法

  • 选取成都市青白江区双元村东周墓地编号分别为M68、M74、M79、M104、M107、M154、M163、M169、M171、M173、M180等11个墓中的朱砂样品,进行汞同位素测定。

  • 双元村东周墓地位于大弯镇双元村7组,距成都市中心约27km。墓地中心点地理坐标为东经104°14′16″、北纬30°51′35″,海拔433m。共发掘东周墓葬270余座,是目前四川地区一次性揭露面积最大、发掘数量最多、出土随葬品最丰富的一处东周墓地。墓葬年代大约从西周末期至战国中期,墓葬等级分化明显。现发现漆器痕迹的墓有15座,这些墓葬时代从春秋晚期至战国早中期,等级比较高。四川先秦及西汉墓中也曾多次发现有漆器或漆器痕迹[10-17],但在同一墓地中发现十余座带有漆器痕迹的墓的情况极少。这批资料对我们了解和研究先秦时期四川的漆器具有重要价值。

  • 该墓地中大部分漆器腐朽严重,仅残留少量轮廓及表面明显的红色朱砂颜料。从残存漆器的形制上看,漆器有容器、家具、漆棺、兵器柄等(表1)。

  • 表1 双元村墓地部分墓中漆器信息

  • Table1 Lacquerware remains from some tombs at Shuangyuan Village

  • 同位素测量在中国科学院地球化学研究所环境地球化学国家重点实验室完成,所用仪器为英国Nu Instruments公司的Nu Plasma型多接受电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS),仪器测量值的测量精度≤0.1(‰)。样品经王水在95℃水浴消解30min,汞的平均回收率≥95%,并保证各形态汞氧化为汞离子,消解液中酸的质量分数应低于20%。样品消解液引入MC-ICP-MS分析前,用Milli-Q超纯水稀释到合适的质量浓度(约5 μg/L)。本次分析中采用的内标样(UM-Almadén secondary solution)由密歇根大学生物地球化学和环境同位素地球化学实验室提供,产地来自于西班牙Almadén朱砂矿区。标样共16个,测定后取其均值和标准差进行比较。内标样的作用是与样品进行比较以评估数据偏差程度和准确度。

  • 2 分析结果与讨论

  • 通过同位素分馏值的测定结果(表2)可知,青白江墓地11个朱砂样品的汞同位素分馏值δ202Hg=(-1.010±0.105)(‰)。通过配对样本总体平均值一致性检验,δ202Hg与其他各δ值的皮尔逊相关系数r值均高于0.8,在显著性小于0.01的级别上相关性显著。如图1所示,对δ201Hg和δ202Hg进行线性拟合,两者比值斜率为0.698 6±0.109 7,与理论值0.752 0吻合。这批样品的Δ199Hg=(0.049 1±0.037 5)(‰),非质量分馏不明显。16个内标样δ202Hg=(-0.521±0.094)(‰),与文献中记载的标准值吻合良好[18],表明了样品值的准确度。

  • 利用汞同位素来判断古代朱砂矿源,前提条件是朱砂在采矿和加工过程中汞同位素分馏值不会发生明显变化。因此,有必要了解古代天然朱砂颜料的制作过程。天然朱砂矿一般通过加热泼水形成的剧烈冷热变化从矿脉中采出,再通过浮选筛选去除杂质,最后通过均匀研磨细化后使用[19]。这样的开采和制作过程并不能使朱砂产生明显的同位素分馏值变化。虽然加热过程会导致分馏值变化,但发生变化的朱砂矿不超过总量的4%[20]。因此,利用汞同位素来判断朱砂矿源在理论上是可行的。值得一提的是,人造水银不宜用汞同位素推测矿源,因为持续加热朱砂煎炼水银的过程会导致δ202Hg值升高较大[21-22]。

  • 表2 汞同位素分馏值测定结果

  • Table12 Mercury isotope fractionation results

  • 图1 青白江双元村墓地11个墓中朱砂样本的 δ201Hg和δ202Hg的比值图

  • Fig.1 δ201Hg/δ202Hg ratio plot of the samples from 11tombs at Shuangyuan Village

  • 如果将世界上一些朱砂矿的汞同位素分馏值数据[7-8,20,23-25]放在一张图上进行比较(图2),可以发现多数情况下同一矿源的数据点大致团聚在一起。在该散点图中,双元村墓地朱砂样本、西班牙Almadén矿、美国加利福尼亚州的New Almadén朱矿,加拿大的Murray Brook矿以及我国贵州万山矿的数据均有此特点。当然也有例外,如南美的Huancavelica矿分馏值差异极大。

  • 图2 世界各地朱砂矿样本Δ199Hg与δ202Hg值散点图

  • Fig.2 Scatter plot of Δ199Hg versus δ202Hg for some cinnabar ores worldwide

  • 如果再将比较的数据扩大到大气降水、沉积层、土壤、冰层、泉华、工业污水、生物体等领域时(图3),则会发现朱砂矿的非质量分馏值彼此差异很小[26],大多数朱砂矿样本的Δ199Hg值处于-0.1‰~0.1‰之间,因此可认为朱砂矿同位素分馏主要是受到质量因素影响。

  • 图3 各种含汞物质的Δ199Hg与δ202Hg值散点图[27]

  • Fig.3 Scatter plot of Δ199Hg versus δ202Hg for various mercury-containing substances

  • 如果抛开汞同位素非质量分馏值,仅比较上述数据的汞同位素质量分馏值(图4),可见双元村墓地的朱砂与其他各矿点的朱砂质量分馏值有明显差异。另外,双元村朱砂δ202Hg值数据分布非常集中,从-1.18‰到-0.84‰不等。再比较其他地区的矿,除了Huancavelica和Abbadia两个地点外,分布也很集中。数据集中或许表明墓地中11座墓葬中的朱砂具有共同的矿源。

  • 图4 双元村朱砂与部分朱砂矿的汞同位素质量分馏值箱体图

  • Fig.4 Box plot of δ202Hg for the samples from Shuangyuan Village and a set of cinnabar ores

  • 我国汞同位素分馏测定工作尚处于初期,目前已公布的材料很少,很难通过比对相关数据来获知矿源信息。依据目前公布的有限数据,贵州铜仁万山区的朱砂矿样本与双元村墓地样本数据部分重合,但从有限的样本来看,尚无法证明是双元村墓地朱砂的矿源地。我国主要的朱砂产地大致分布在四川盆地边缘地带,其中约75%的朱砂储藏于今贵州省及其周边。此外,四川北部秦岭山区(东抵陕西安康,西延至青海),西部横断山区(北起青海玉树,南至云南景洪)也是我国较为重要的朱砂成矿区[28]。由此可见,四川盆地四周均有朱砂产出。今后如对周边各地的朱砂矿石进行同位素分馏测定,则可能得出青白江双元村朱砂的可能矿源,并为四川与周边地区的交通情况提供新的数据支持。

  • 3 结论

  • 本工作是国内首次尝试比较汞同位素分馏数据来跟踪朱砂矿源,在此次工作过程中有以下结论:

  • 1)天然朱砂颜料在开采和制作过程中同位素分馏值不会产生明显差异,因此利用汞同位素示踪矿源理论上是可行的。

  • 2)通过数据比较,可知天然朱砂的汞同位素非质量分馏值差异很小。大多数朱砂矿样本的Δ199Hg值均处于-0.1‰~0.1‰之间,因此可认为朱砂的汞同位素分馏主要是受到质量因素影响。

  • 3)通过数据比较,可知成都青白江区双元村墓地不同墓中的漆器朱砂颜料汞同位素质量分馏值分布集中,极有可能来自同一矿源。未来如能对四川周边地区的朱砂矿汞同位素进行采样分析,是有可能找出其矿源的。

  • 参考文献

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    • [15] 四川省博物馆.成都百花潭中学十号墓发掘记[J].文物,1976(3):40-46,79-80.Sichuan Museum.Excavation report on Tomb No.10 at Baihuatan Middle School in Chengdu[J].Cultural Relics,1976(3):40-46,79-80.

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    • [20] SMITH C N,KESLER S E,BLUM J D,et al.Isotope geochemistry of mercury in source rocks,mineral deposits and spring deposits of the California Coast Ranges,USA[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2008,269(3-4):399-407.

    • [21] STETSON S J,GRAY J E,WANTY R B,et al.Isotopic variability of mercury in ore,mine-waste calcine,and leachates of mine-waste calcine from areas mined for mercury[J/OL].Environmental Science & Technology,2009,43(19):7331-7336[2021-03-29].http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/ptpicrender.fcgi?aid=1375132&blobtype=html&lang=en-ca#__ref-listid421615.

    • [22] GRAY J E,PRIBIL M J,HIGUERAS P L.Mercury isotope fractionation during ore retorting in the Almadén mining district,Spain[J].Chemical Geology,2013,357:150-157.

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    • [24] FOUCHER D,HINTELMANN H,AL T A,et al.Mercury isotope fractionation in waters and sediments of the Murray Brook mine watershed(New Brunswick,Canada):tracing mercury contamination and transformation[J].Chemical Geology,2013,336:87-95.

    • [25] YIN R,FENG X,WANG J,et al.Mercury speciation and mercury isotope fractionation during ore roasting process and their implication to source identification of downstream sediment in the Wanshan mercury mining area,SW China[J].Chemical Geology,2013,336:72-79.

    • [26] BLUM J D,SHERMAN L S,JOHNSON M W.Mercury isotopes in earth and environmental sciences[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2014,42(1):249-269.

    • [27] BLUM J D,BERGQUIST B A.Reporting of variations in the natural isotopic composition of mercury[J].Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry,2007,388(2):259.

    • [28] 曾若兰,李文彬,张万年,等.中国汞矿[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1988.ZENG Ruolan,LI Wenbin,ZHANG Wannian,et al.Mercury ores in China[M].Chengdu:Sichuan Science and Technology Press,1988.

  • 基本信息

    中图分类号: K854
    文献标识码: A
    DOI: 10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20201101947
    文章编号: 1005-1538(2022)02-0097-05

    基金信息

    引用信息

    稿件历史

    收稿日期: 2020-11-24

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 贾腊江,姚远,赵丛苍,等.秦早期青铜器中铅料矿源分析[J].自然科学史研究,2015,34(1):97-104.JIA Lajiang,YAO Yuan,ZHAO Congcang,et al.Mineral sources of lead aggregate about early Qin bronze wares[J].Studies in the History of Natural Sciences,2015,34(1):97-104.

    • [2] 长孙樱子,吴晓桐,金正耀,等.关中东部地区商代冶金遗物的科学分析研究[J].文物,2020(2):83-90.ZHANGSUN Yingzi,WU Xiaotong,JIN Zhengyao,et al.Scientific analysis and research on metallurgical remains of the Shang Dynasty in eastern Guanzhong Area[J].Cultural Relics,2020(2):83-90.

    • [3] 金正耀.中国学者的首篇铅同位素考古研究论文[J].文物保护与考古科学,2004,16(4):64-66.JIN Zhengyao.The first archaeological research report on lead isotope by a Chinese scholar[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2004,16(4):64-66.

    • [4] 崔剑锋,佟伟华,吴小红.垣曲商城出土部分铜炼渣及铜器的铅同位素比值分析研究[J].文物,2012(7):80-84.CUI Jianfeng,TONG Weihua,WU Xiaohong.Analysis and research on some slag excavated from Yuanqu Shang City and lead isotope ratios of copper wares[J].Cultural Relics,2012(7):80-84.

    • [5] 金正耀.中国铅同位素考古[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2008.JIN Zhengyao.Archaeology of lead isotopes in China[M].Hefei:USTC Press,2008.

    • [6] SAYRE E V,YENER K A,JOEL E C,et al.Statistical evaluation of the presently accumulated lead isotope data from Anatolia and surrounding regions[J].Archaeometry,1992,34(1):73-105.

    • [7] COOKE C A,HINTELMANN H,AGUE J J,et al.Use and legacy of mercury in the Andes[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2013,47(9):4181-4188.

    • [8] BLUM J D,BERGQUIST B A.Reporting of variations in the natural isotopic composition of mercury[J].Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry,2007,388(2):353-359.

    • [9] 刘耘.非传统稳定同位素分馏理论及计算[J].地学前缘,2015,22(5):1-28.LIU Yun.Theory and computational methods of non-traditional stable isotope fractionation[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2015,22(5):1-28.

    • [10] 陈显双.成都西郊战国墓[J].考古,1983(7):597-600,674-675.CHEN Xianshuang.A tomb of the Warring States Period in the western suburb of Chengdu[J].Archaeology,1983(7):597-600,674-675.

    • [11] 蒋成,颜劲松,刘雨茂,等.成都市商业街船棺、独木棺墓葬发掘报告[J].成都考古发现,2000(1):78-131.JIANG Cheng,YAN Jinsong,LIU Yumao,et al.Excavation report on a tomb with coffins at Shangye Street of Chengdu[J].Archaeological Findings in Chengdu,2000(1):78-131.

    • [12] 四川省博物馆,新都县文物管理所.四川新都战国木椁墓[J].文物,1981(6):1-16,97-103.Sichuan Museum,Cultural Relics Administration of Xindu County.A tomb with an outer coffin of the Warring States Period in Xindu County,Sichuan Province[J].Cultural Relics,1981(6):1-16,97-103.

    • [13] 王有鹏.四川绵竹县船棺墓[J].文物,1987(10):22-33,102-103.WANG Youpeng.Boat-coffin burial in Mianzhu County,Sichuan Province[J].Cultural Relics,1987(10):22-33,102-103.

    • [14] 孙智彬,万靖,李蓉,等.四川青川县郝家坪战国墓葬群2010年发掘简报[J].四川文物,2016(3):5-22,2,97.SUN Zhibin,WAN Jing,LI Rong,et al.2010 excavation report on the tombs of the Warring States Period at Haojiaping in Qingchuan County,Sichuan Province[J].Sichuan Cultural Relics,2016(3):5-22,2,97.

    • [15] 四川省博物馆.成都百花潭中学十号墓发掘记[J].文物,1976(3):40-46,79-80.Sichuan Museum.Excavation report on Tomb No.10 at Baihuatan Middle School in Chengdu[J].Cultural Relics,1976(3):40-46,79-80.

    • [16] 四川省文物管理委员会.成都羊子山第172号墓发掘报告[J].考古学报,1956(4):1-20.Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee.Excavation report on Tomb No.172 at Yangzishan in Chengdu[J].Acta Archaeologica Sinica,1956(4):1-20.

    • [17] 王军,陈平,杨永鹏,等.成都天回镇老官山汉墓发掘简报[J].南方民族考古,2016(1):215-246,323-328,330-338.WANG Jun,CHEN Ping,YANG Yongpeng,et al.Preliminary report on excavations of the Han graves of Laoguanshan,Tianhui Township,Chengdu[J].Southern Ethnology and Archaeology,2016(1):215-246,323-328,330-338.

    • [18] 尹润生,冯新斌,DELPHINE F,等.多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱法高精密度测定汞同位素组成[J].分析化学,2010,38(7):929-934.YIN Runsheng,FENG Xinbin,DELPHINE F,et al.High precision determination of mercury isotope ratios using online mercury vapor generation system coupled with multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2010,38(7):929-934.

    • [19] 李映福,周必素,韦莉果.贵州万山汞矿遗址调查报告[J].江汉考古,2014(2):22-40.LI Yingfu,ZHOU Bisu,WEI Liguo.An investigation report on the mercury mine remains in Wanshan,Guizhou[J].Jianghan Archaeology,2014(2):22-40.

    • [20] SMITH C N,KESLER S E,BLUM J D,et al.Isotope geochemistry of mercury in source rocks,mineral deposits and spring deposits of the California Coast Ranges,USA[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2008,269(3-4):399-407.

    • [21] STETSON S J,GRAY J E,WANTY R B,et al.Isotopic variability of mercury in ore,mine-waste calcine,and leachates of mine-waste calcine from areas mined for mercury[J/OL].Environmental Science & Technology,2009,43(19):7331-7336[2021-03-29].http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/ptpicrender.fcgi?aid=1375132&blobtype=html&lang=en-ca#__ref-listid421615.

    • [22] GRAY J E,PRIBIL M J,HIGUERAS P L.Mercury isotope fractionation during ore retorting in the Almadén mining district,Spain[J].Chemical Geology,2013,357:150-157.

    • [23] PRIBIL M J,RIMONDI V,COSTAGLIOLA P,et al.Assessing mercury distribution using isotopic fractionation of mercury processes and sources adjacent and downstream of a legacy mine district in Tuscany,Italy[J].Applied Geochemistry,2020,117(2):1-9.

    • [24] FOUCHER D,HINTELMANN H,AL T A,et al.Mercury isotope fractionation in waters and sediments of the Murray Brook mine watershed(New Brunswick,Canada):tracing mercury contamination and transformation[J].Chemical Geology,2013,336:87-95.

    • [25] YIN R,FENG X,WANG J,et al.Mercury speciation and mercury isotope fractionation during ore roasting process and their implication to source identification of downstream sediment in the Wanshan mercury mining area,SW China[J].Chemical Geology,2013,336:72-79.

    • [26] BLUM J D,SHERMAN L S,JOHNSON M W.Mercury isotopes in earth and environmental sciences[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2014,42(1):249-269.

    • [27] BLUM J D,BERGQUIST B A.Reporting of variations in the natural isotopic composition of mercury[J].Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry,2007,388(2):259.

    • [28] 曾若兰,李文彬,张万年,等.中国汞矿[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1988.ZENG Ruolan,LI Wenbin,ZHANG Wannian,et al.Mercury ores in China[M].Chengdu:Sichuan Science and Technology Press,1988.

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