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作者简介:

包春磊(1979—),男,2009年毕业于华南理工大学材料学专业,博士,研究员,研究方向为文物科技保护和南海文化遗产保护研究,E-mail:chunleibao2002@163.com

中图分类号:K875.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2021)05-0060-11

DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20200201661

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参考文献 12
包春磊.“华光礁Ⅰ号”南宋沉船船体构件的用材分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2020,32(4):58-65.BAO Chunlei.Analysis of timbers for hull units of Song Dynasty Huaguangjiao I Shipwreck[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2020,32(4):58-65.
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陈承德,李国清,曾丽民.泉州湾宋代海船木材与泉州地区现代木材室内平衡含水率的比较研究[C]//泉州湾宋代海船发掘与研究.北京:海洋出版社,1987:151-155.CHEN Chengde,LI Guoqing,ZENG Limin.Comparative research of the indoor equilibrium moisture content between the wood from Song sea-going vessel at Quanzhou Bay and modern wood from Quanzhou Area[C]//Excavation and Research of Song Sea-going Vessel at Quanzhou Bay.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1987:151-155.
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 23
KIM Y S.Chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological wood[J].Holzforschung,1990,44:169-172.
参考文献 24
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参考文献 27
邓启平,李大纲,张金萍.FTIR法研究出土木材化学结构及化学成分的变化[J].西北林学院学报,2008(2):149-153.DENG Qiping,LI Dagang,ZHANG Jinping.FTIR analysis on changes of chemical structure and compositions of waterlogged archaeological wood[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2008(2):149-153.
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参考文献 29
CAO C,YANG Z L,HAN L J,et al.Study on in situ analysis of cellulose,hemicelluloses and lignin distribution linked to tissue structure of crop stalk internodal transverse section based on FTIR microspectroscopic imaging[J].Cellulose,2015,22(1):139-149.
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付跃进,杨昇,王方骏,等.核桃壳木质素的结构研究[J].林业工程学报,2018,3(3):88-94.FU Yuejin,YANG Sheng,WANG Fangjun,et al.Structural study on lignin in walnut shell[J].Journal of Forestry Engineering,2018,3(3):88-94.
参考文献 31
马丹,郑幼明.“华光礁Ⅰ号”南宋沉船船板中硫铁化合物分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2012,24(3):84-89.MA Dan,ZHENG Youming.Analysis of the iron sulfides in the shipwrecks Huaguang Reef I of the Southern Song Dynasty[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2012,24(3):84-89.
参考文献 32
JEANETTE K J,DONALD R J.Pyrite oxidation in moist air[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2004,68(4):701-714.
目录contents

    摘要

    含有硫和铁化合物的有机材质文物在海洋长期浸泡过程中会受到生物、化学等方面的侵蚀,发掘出水后从低氧的海洋环境到有氧的空气,这些化合物就会变得不稳定,可能会引发文物化学劣化,从而降低有机质文物的机械稳定性。目前世界上打捞出水的古代沉船大多为木质有机质材料,最著名的就是瑞典斯德哥尔摩的“瓦萨(Vasa)”号和英国朴次茅斯“玛丽·玫瑰(Mary Rose)”号沉船,船体木材由于积累了海洋中硫酸盐还原菌转化的还原硫化合物以及来自船体腐蚀铁螺栓的铁离子(Ⅱ)从而劣化。据研究,数吨的还原态硫化物聚集在瑞典Vasa号战舰船身的木材中,280吨的船体中大约有2吨的硫或硫酸存在。中国“华光礁Ⅰ号”南宋沉船船货有大量铁器,制造船只的过程中又嵌入了大量铁钉用于加固船体,这些铁质物出水前后都会对木质船体形成隐患。为了对“华光礁Ⅰ号”沉船进行保护,根据实际情况选择一批样品对船体现状进行科学评估,为下一步制定保护方案提供依据。通过对“华光礁Ⅰ号”船体选取一定数量的样品分析其含水率,并通过红外光谱仪(FTIR)、离子色谱仪(IC)、元素分析仪、等离子发射光谱仪(ICP)、X射线衍射仪(XRD),分别对木材样品的分子结构变化、化学组分、离子含量、物相构成等进行分析,评估其现状情况。通过分析,发现“华光礁Ⅰ号”松木构件与正常现代松木含水率相比普遍较高,平均含水率为447.9%,与泉州湾宋代海船船体木材300%的含水率、宁波“小白礁Ⅰ号”船体木材210%含水率相比,“华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件降解比较严重。“华光礁Ⅰ号”饱水考古木材1%NaOH的抽取物含量远高于现代木材,总纤维素平均含量仅占现代木材的27%,说明纤维素和半纤维素已被严重降解;木质素含量有所增加,灰分平均含量为现代松木的68倍。从红外光谱看出,“华光礁Ⅰ号”考古木材与现代松木相比木材化学成分和结构发生了变化,半纤维素严重流失,纤维素分子链有部分降解,分子链结晶结构遭到破坏。“华光礁Ⅰ号”木材浸泡液中硫酸根离子浓度较高。ICP测试结果中铁离子含量很高,说明木材内无机化合物中主要含铁,结合浸泡液较高的硫酸根浓度说明船体内铁硫化合物还没有清除干净。XRD结果证实表明了铁硫化合物黄铁矿(FeS2)以及针铁矿、硫酸盐的在船体中的存在。相比于其他文献,本研究的“华光礁Ⅰ号”沉船是目前热带地区出水的文物,高温高盐的热带气候下海洋出水含硫铁化合物的木质文物的保护及保存都是一个挑战,也是一个崭新的课题。通过对“华光礁Ⅰ号”沉船构件现状进行的科学评估,沉船保存情况不容乐观,木材糟朽程度和破坏程度均非常严重,这是文物保护工作者必须面临和解决的关键问题。

    Abstract

    Organic cultural relics containing sulfur and iron compounds will be subject to biological and chemical erosion during long-term immersion in the ocean. After excavation, these compounds will become unstable in the transition from a low-oxygen marine environment to aerobic air, which may lead to reduction of the mechanical stability of organic cultural relics and their chemical deterioration. At present, most of the ancient shipwrecks salvaged in the world are made of wooden organic materials, among which the most famous are the Vasa in Stockholm, Sweden and the Mary Rose in Portsmouth, England, with their hull wood degraded due to the accumulation of reduced sulfur compounds transformed by sulfate-reducing bacteria in the sea and iron ions (Ⅱ) from corroded iron bolts on the hulls. According to research, several tons of reduced sulfides have accumulated in the hull wood of the Vasa, and about two tons of sulfur or sulfuric acid exists in a hull weighing 280 tons. China’s Huaguangjiao Ⅰ shipwreck of the Southern Song Dynasty has large amounts of ironware. In the process of ship manufacturing, a large number of iron nails were embedded to strengthen the hull. These iron objects may pose hidden dangers to the wooden hull before and after the excavation. In order to protect the Huaguangjiao Ⅰ shipwreck, a batch of samples was selected according to the actual situation to scientifically evaluate the status of the hull, so as to provide a basis for formulating the protection scheme in the next step.In this study, several samples were selected from the hull of Huaguangjiao Ⅰ to determine its moisture content; the molecular structure changes, chemical components, ion content and phase composition of wood samples were analyzed using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), an ion chromatograph (IC), an element analyzer, an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) to evaluate its current situation. Through these analyses, it was found that, with an average moisture content of 447.9%, the moisture content of its pine components is generally higher than that of normal modern pine wood. Compared with the hull wood of a Song Dynasty shipwreck (300% moisture content) in Quanzhou Bay and that of Xiaobaijiao Ⅰ(210% moisture content) in Ningbo, the hull components of Huaguangjiao Ⅰ suffer more serious degradation. The extract content by 1% NaOH from Huaguangjiao Ⅰ water-saturated archaeological wood is much higher than that from modern wood, and its average content of total cellulose accounts for only 27% of that of modern wood, indicating that cellulose and hemicellulose have been seriously degraded. The lignin content is increased, and the average ash content is 68 times that of modern pine. It can be seen from the infrared spectrum that compared with modern pine wood, the chemical composition and structure of the archaeological wood of Huaguangjiao Ⅰ have been changed, the hemicellulose has been seriously lost, the cellulose molecular chain has been partially degraded, and the molecular chain crystal structure has been damaged. The concentration of sulfate ion in a wood-soaking solution of Huaguangjiao Ⅰ is high. The content of iron ion according to ICP-OES test results is very high, indicating that the inorganic compounds in wood are mainly iron. In combination with the high concentration of sulfate ion in the soaking solution, this indicates that the iron and sulfur compounds in the hull have not been removed. XRD results confirm the existence of iron and sulfur compounds—pyrite (FeS2), goethite and sulfate in the hull.According to the literature, the Huaguangjiao Ⅰ shipwreck is a cultural relic found in a tropical area. The conservation and preservation of sulfur- and iron-containing wooden cultural relics salvaged from a warm and salty tropical sea is not only a challenge, but also a new topic. Based on scientific evaluation of the current situation of the Huaguangjiao Ⅰ shipwreck components, it is hard to be optimistic about preservation of the shipwreck, as the degree of wood decay and damage is very serious. This is the key problem that cultural relic conservators must face and solve.

  • 0 引言

  • 有机材质文物在海洋浸泡过程中会受到生物、化学等方面的侵蚀。在海洋考古发掘出水的器物中常含有硫和铁的化合物,从低氧的海洋环境中发掘后接触空气,这些化合物就会变得不稳定,这种不稳定性可能会引发文物发生化学劣化,降低了有机质文物如木材的机械稳定性,这使得保护过程更加复杂。海洋出水的木质文物若要在博物馆中长期陈展和保存,就需要制定科学合理的保护程序和方法,而现代的分析技术必不可少,因为材料内部有害成分的积累和化学反应会导致饱水木制文物腐蚀劣化,著名的例子就是瑞典斯德哥尔摩的“瓦萨(Vasa)”号和英国朴次茅斯“玛丽·玫瑰(Mary Rose)”号沉船,船体木材由于积累了海洋中硫酸盐还原菌转化的还原硫化合物,以及来自船体腐蚀铁螺栓的铁离子(Ⅱ)而劣化[1-5]。目前很多海洋出水的木材用聚乙二醇(PEG)填充以代替木材中的水,从而在脱水干燥时稳定木材结构,Vasa号是首次使用PEG处理的沉船,然而,据报道在潮湿的橡木船板中,由于铁(Ⅱ)离子的存在,发生了PEG和半纤维素的降解[6-9]

  • Vasa号战舰在斯德哥尔摩港的海床上浸泡了300多年,打捞出水时船体几乎完好无损,2000年,对Vasa号进行研究的技术人员首次发现了船体木材中硫的氧化问题,这对木结构船只造成了隐患,研究发现船体上的含硫盐在环境湿度增加的情况下有可能产生硫酸,这对保存的古代木材是致命的,来自海水中的硫元素在船体表面富集,而船体内腐蚀的铁加剧了这种情况,自此,海洋出水船体的硫污染及其氧化问题被重视起来。据研究,数吨的还原态硫化物聚集在瑞典Vasa号战舰船身的木材中,280吨的船体中大约有2吨的硫或硫酸存在[10]

  • “华光礁Ⅰ号”南宋沉船随船船货有大量铁器,制造船只的过程中嵌入了大量铁钉用于加固船体,这些铁器在海洋环境中受到腐蚀必然会污染船木;“华光礁Ⅰ号”沉船打捞出水后表面覆盖有铁质沉积物、钙质沉积物、海洋生物等,大部分木构件糟朽不堪,木纹裂痕丛生,木构件颜色呈黯黑色、红褐色,部分质地松软表面呈剥落状,已经失去木材原来面目,因此船体中的硫铁化合物是一个亟待解决的难题。另外,浸泡千年的船体含水率普遍很高,饱水考古木质文物含水率反映了木材内部的空隙率或者降解程度,古木降解得越严重,其内部的空隙率就越大,含水率也就越大,木材降解的也越严重[11]。“华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件经鉴定大部分为松木[12],为对“华光礁Ⅰ号”沉船进行保护,根据实际情况选择一批样品对船体现状进行科学评估,为下一步制定保护方案提供依据。

  • 1 样品检测

  • 1.1 取样分析

  • “华光礁Ⅰ号”沉船发掘出水拆解后运至海南省博物馆,在建造的沉船保护室内进行保护,经过5年脱盐、2年脱除硫铁化合物,为评估船体现状,从“华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件中选取25、96、174、404、416、383、357、296、488、319、505、42、62、34、79、104等16个松木样本测试木材含水率、化学组分、离子含量、物相构成、分子结构变化,上述样本为表层脱落试样,测试木材阳离子含量(ICP)时特选取505、42和62样本内部芯材做分析。

  • 木材含水率(M)计算方法:取含水考古木样品,表面水分擦拭干净称重M 0,充分烘干后绝干重量为M 1,含水率(M)按下式计算:

  • M=M0-M1M1×100%

  • 含水率\%= 饱水木材重量 - 绝干木材重量 绝干木材重量 ×100%

  • 样品化学组成的分析方法依据国家相关标准,如下:GB/T742—2008《造纸原料、纸浆、纸和纸板灰分的测定》;GB/T2677.4—1993《造纸原料水抽出物含量的测定》;GB/T2677.5—1993《造纸原料1%氢氧化钠抽出物含量的测定》;GB/T2677.6—1994《造纸原料有机溶剂抽出物含量的测定》;GB/T2677.8—1994《造纸原料酸不溶木素含量的测定》;GB/T2677.10—1995《造纸原料综纤维素含量的测定》。

  • 1.2 仪器参数

  • 红外光谱仪(FTIR):德国布鲁克TENSOR 27。方法为:将样品干燥粉碎,取适量与绝干的光谱纯级溴化钾(质量比1∶100)混合均匀后用玛瑙研钵充分研磨,将混合粉末压成透光度良好的薄片,在透射模式下进行检测;检测波数范围为400~4 000cm-1,扫描次数16次,分辨率为2。

  • 离子色谱仪(IC):瑞士万通Metrohm 882型离子色谱仪,电导检测器882Compact IC plus1,淋洗液为supp4 250-1.7mM NaHCO3+1.8mM Na2CO3,流速0.7mL/min,压力7.06MPa,0.45 μm针式滤头,自动积分,记录时间22.0min。

  • 元素分析仪:CE-440快速元素分析仪(CHN)(美国EAI公司);PE-2400Ⅱ元素分析仪(O)(美国PE公司);5E-8S测硫仪(S)(长沙开元仪器有限公司)。

  • 等离子发射光谱仪(ICP):美国Thermo IRIS Intrepid Ⅱ XSP。将考古木在575℃条件下充分灼烧灰化,准确称取灰分试样,取0.25g于消解罐中,加入9mL HNO3和2mL HCl消解,如消解不完全,则继续添加酸,直至样品呈灰白色为止,最终定容50mL,使用等离子发射光谱仪测定。

  • X射线衍射(XRD)仪:荷兰帕纳科Empyrean锐影。参数:电流40mA,电压40kV,铜靶靶材。方法为:将样品干燥粉碎,取适量平铺于铝模具中进行测试。扫描范围5~45°,扫描步长0.02,扫描速率2°/min。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 木材降解评价

  • 2.1.1 含水率测试

  • 表1为“华光礁Ⅰ号”沉船船板部分样品的含水率。

  • 表1 “华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件样品含水率

  • Table1 Moisture contents of samples

  • 最大含水率测定是研究浸水考古木材降解程度科学的、比较容易操作的指标,饱水考古木材通常根据其保存状态分为三类:第一类,最大含水率≥400%,严重降解;第二类,最大含水率在185%~400%,中度降解;第三类,最大含水率≤185%,轻度降解[11,13]

  • 表1所示考古木材最大含水率为730%,为现代松木含水率(139.64%)[14]的5.2倍,最小含水率为179%,为现代木材的1.3倍,上述10个样品平均含水率为447.9%,为现代木材的3.2倍;10个样品中含水率超过400%的有5个,占总量的50%,表明“华光礁Ⅰ号”沉船船木腐蚀降解严重,样品25、96、319的含水率在185%~400%之间,占总量的30%,样品174、357的含水率不超过185%,占总量的20%;上述数据可看出,“华光礁Ⅰ号”沉船部件保存状况各异,含水率普遍较高,属于第一类严重降解的样品占比50%,与泉州湾宋代海船船体木材高达300%的含水率[15]、宁波“小白礁Ⅰ号”船体210%含水率[16]相比,“华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件降解比较严重,给填充加固保护工作和将来的复原带来了挑战。

  • 2.1.2 化学组分分析

  • 组成木材细胞壁的3种主要成分为纤维素、木质素和半纤维素,对于考古木材来说,其萃取物的含量可在一定程度上反映古木的埋藏环境和腐蚀降解程度。表2中发现,考古木材1%NaOH的抽取物含量(最高46.56%,平均26.75%)远高于现代松木(14.06%),这是因为“华光礁Ⅰ号”沉船常年埋藏于水下1~3m深的海洋泥沙下,地处热带高温环境,古木的纤维素和半纤维素很容易被微生物通过各种各样的酶分解,在光、热、氧化和微生物作用下半纤维素分解为己糖、戊聚糖等糖基单位,1%氢氧化钠溶液可溶解提取糖基,因此含量高于现代木材。

  • 表2 “华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件样品化学组分测试分析结果

  • Table2 Results of chemical component analysis

  • 总纤维素的含量可以较准确地反映饱水考古木材的腐蚀降解程度[17-19]。总纤维素一般指纤维素和半纤维素,是构成木材细胞壁的主要化学成分,其含量直接影响着木材的强度和加工性能,古木材的降解主要包括纤维素和半纤维素的降解,如表2所示,古木材的总纤维素平均含量为20.74%,仅为现代木材(75.82%)的27%,说明纤维素和半纤维素已严重降解。

  • 表2中,木质素的平均含量为50.31%,而现代木材木质素的含量为28.39%,在缺氧环境中木质素不易被降解,因为能降解木质素的白腐菌属好氧菌,从表中看到,木质素含量有所增加,这是由于纤维素酶和半纤维素酶的大量减少而引起的相对增加[14]

  • 灰分中一般含有能溶于水的Na、K等碳酸盐类和不溶于水的Ca、Mg等碳酸盐和磷酸盐类,温带木材中灰分含量一般为0.3%~1%,而热带木材中灰分超过1%,甚至可达到5%[20];表2中灰分平均含量为21.88%,为现代马尾松的68倍(0.32%),说明考古木材细胞中进入了大量的矿物质,不过各样品含量不一,从最低的2.65%到最高56.33%,说明其保存状况不等。

  • 2.1.3 FTIR分析

  • 木材是由纤维素、半纤维素、木质素组成,是复杂的高分子有机化合物,纤维素的红外敏感基团是羟基(-OH),半纤维素的乙酰基(CH3C=O)、羟基等是敏感基团,木质素分子有甲氧基(CH3O)、羟基、羰基(C=O)、双键(C=C)和苯环等多种红外敏感基团,通过FTIR分析这些基团的有无、位置和形状、强弱就可分析对应的纤维素、半纤维素、木素的官能团和结构的变化[22]

  • 图1是“华光礁Ⅰ号”船板样品的FTIR图谱,从中可以看到考古木材与现代木材的红外谱图相比发生了较大的变化,说明“华光礁Ⅰ号”船板在海洋环境中受到微生物、海水侵蚀,木材的官能团、化学组分、化学结构都发生了较大变化。主要表现在1 730cm-1附近羰基吸收峰的消失,这是半纤维素的特征吸收带,另外,1 360cm-1附近C-H弯曲振动吸收峰强度很弱,说明半纤维素已经严重降解;1 508、1 510、1 502cm-1与1 591、1 593、1 597、1 600cm-1处吸收峰增强,这是木质素苯环碳骨架的伸缩振动吸收峰,是由于木质素相对含量增加引起,这种状况存在于其他古代木材中[23-25],另外,在1 457~1 462cm-1、1 418~1 425cm-1处出现木质素的C-H键弯曲振动吸收峰和苯环骨架C-H键在平面变形伸缩振动吸收峰,说明木质素不易被降解;1 263~1 270cm-1附件的吸收峰是愈创木基的C=O、CH2弯曲振动,考古木材和现代松木材中在该处附近都有较强的吸收峰,说明考古木材和现代松木木质素里含有比较多的愈创木酚,它主要来自松树的松油中。现代松木在896、897cm-1的吸收峰是纤维素的特征吸收峰,考古木材出现在856~865cm-1附近,但强度不高,说明纤维素有所降解;考古木材和现代松木在2 922~2 946cm-1附近均有吸收峰,这是纤维素上CH2基团和木质素苯环上的甲氧基-CH3O吸收峰,3 400cm-1、1 134cm-1附近为纤维素的-OH的伸缩振动谱带,2 870cm-1为亚甲基的C-H伸缩振动;现代松木在1 158cm-1附近的C-O-C伸缩振动吸收峰为纤维素和半纤维素的呋喃糖环上的C-O-C伸缩振动吸收峰,考古松木则出现在1 216~1 238cm-1附近,可能是考古木分子链排列不是那么紧密,分子链结晶结构遭到破坏所致。表3是根据文献资料对现代木材(松木)和考古木材红外光谱中官能团吸收峰的归属总结[26-30]

  • 图1 “华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件样品FTIR图谱

  • Fig.1 FTIR spectra

  • 表3 现代松木和考古木材红外光谱官能团

  • Table3 Functional groups of FTIR of modern pine and archaeological wood

  • 2.2 硫铁化合物分析

  • 2.2.1 IC分析

  • “华光礁Ⅰ号”船板在去离子水浸泡过程中,船板木材内可溶盐离子会因化学平衡而迁移出去,达到一定时间后木材内外离子浓度达到平衡。选取去离子水浸泡船板3个月的水溶液(编号1-7)分析离子浓度,结果见表4,纯净去离子水中离子含量大多为0,海水为西沙群岛华光礁附近水样,离子含量均非常高,浸泡船板的水样(1~7号)中各离子含量远远低于海水样品,说明对船板的脱盐处理达到一定的效果。但硫酸根离子含量还较高,极可能是船板木材中硫铁化合物经氧化生成的硫酸盐[31]

  • 表4 船体浸泡水样IC分析

  • Table4 Results of IC analysis of immersion water

  • (续表4)

  • 2.2.2 S元素含量分析

  • 木材是由有机化合物组成,主要含有C、 H、 O、 N等元素,且各种木材元素含量相差不大,采用元素分析仪对“华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件考古木材样品进行元素分析,结果见表5,每种样品均含S元素,但含量不一,最高可达30.41%(样品174),最低达2.14%(样品404),这些S元素可能来自木材中难溶盐硫铁化合物。

  • 表5 “华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件样品元素含量分析结果

  • Table5 Results of elemental analysis

  • 2.2.3 ICP测试分析

  • 上述样品消解处理后进行ICP分析测试,测试结果见表6。从表中可以看出,“华光礁Ⅰ号”样品中主要含有Fe、K、Ca、Mg、Na、Al、Mn、Mo、S等阳离子,不同样品中离子含量差异较大,其中Fe离子含量最高,说明化合物中主要含Fe,但每个样品中Fe离子含量不一,174号样品中Fe含量最高(65.56%),416号样品含量最低(5.1%),与表5中S元素含量分布大致相当;特别对木材内部芯材进行取样测试,如505、42、62样品,其Fe离子含量不均,说明船体内硫铁化合物没有清除干净;另外,样品416中Ca离子含量很高,应该是海洋矿物质或者海洋生物黏附导致。

  • 表6 “华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件样品ICP分析结果

  • Table6 Results of ICP analysis

  • (续表6)

  • 2.2.4 XRD物相分析

  • 将“华光礁Ⅰ号”样品25、96、174、383、357、319进行冷冻干燥后研磨,然后进行X射线衍射测试,结果如图2所示。从结果可知,“华光礁Ⅰ号”样品中均检测到黄铁矿(FeS2)、针铁矿[FeO(OH)]以及硫酸盐(Na2SO3,K2SO4,K2S)等,说明“华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件中硫铁化合物和硫酸盐还是很多,硫铁化合物主要来源于“华光礁Ⅰ号”的船货如大量铁器和造船所用的铁钉腐蚀氧化所致,海底低氧环境减缓船体木材的降解,但硫酸盐还原细菌的存在也导致了海水中的硫酸盐离子被还原为可溶解的硫化氢(H2S),当硫化氢进入浸水的木材中,它可与铁离子反应形成硫化合物,如黄铁矿,出水后,在空气氧作用下,生成硫酸(如式1)[32]

  • FeS2(s)+72O2+(n+1)H2OFeSO4H2O(s)+H2SO4(aq)
    (1)
  • 图2 “华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件样品XRD图谱

  • Fig.2 XRD patterns

  • 3 结论

  • 1)与正常现代松木含水率相比,“华光礁Ⅰ号”船板构件松木样品含水率普遍较高,平均含水率为447.9%,与泉州湾宋代海船船体木材300%的含水率、宁波“小白礁Ⅰ号”船体木材210%含水率相比,“华光礁Ⅰ号”船体构件降解比较严重。

  • 2)饱水考古木材1%NaOH的抽取物含量远高于现代木材,总纤维素平均含量仅占现代木材的27%,说明纤维素和半纤维素已被严重降解;木质素含量有所增加,这是由于纤维素酶和半纤维素酶的大量减少而引起的相对增加;灰分平均含量为现代松木的68倍,考古木材细胞中可能进入了大量的矿物质,不过各样品含量不一,说明其保存状况不等。

  • 3)从红外光谱看出,考古木材与现代松木谱图的基本形态发生了变化,说明木材化学成分和结构发生了变化,考古木材1 730cm-1附近羰基吸收峰消失,1 360cm-1附近C-H弯曲振动吸收峰强度减弱,表明半纤维素严重流失;木质素吸收峰增强,说明木质素不易被降解;纤维素分子链有部分降解,分子链结晶结构遭到破坏。

  • 4)木材浸泡液离子含量远远低于海水,说明脱盐取得成效,但硫酸根离子浓度较高,可能来自木材内铁硫化合物的氧化产物;ICP测试结果中铁离子含量最高,说明木材内无机化合物中主要含铁,但每个样品铁离子含量不一,与元素分析结果中硫元素含量分布大致相当,结合浸泡液较高的硫酸根浓度说明船体内铁硫化合物还没有清除干净,XRD结果表明了铁硫化合物黄铁矿(FeS2)以及针铁矿、硫酸盐的存在。

  • 5)“华光礁Ⅰ号”南宋沉船历经千年海浪冲刷和南海热带海洋气候的影响,木材糟朽程度和破坏程度均非常严重,这给文物保护工作带来了挑战,但也给文物保护工作者提供了一个新的课题,高温高盐的热带气候下海洋出水含硫铁化合物的木质文物的保护及保存是必须面临和解决的关键问题。以上分析将为下一步的保护提供依据。

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