引 en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。

新疆吐鲁番胜金店墓地出土煤精制品的科技分析

  • 孙诺杨1,2

    机 构：

    1. 中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044

    2. 中国科学院大学考古学与人类学系,北京 100049

    ×
  • ， 王龙3

    机 构：

    3. 新疆吐鲁番学研究院,新疆吐鲁番 838000

    ×
  • ， 韩宾2

    机 构：

    2. 中国科学院大学考古学与人类学系,北京 100049

    ×
  • ， 饶慧芸1

    机 构：

    1. 中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044

    ×
  • ， 杨益民2

    机 构：

    2. 中国科学院大学考古学与人类学系,北京 100049

    ×

1. 中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044；
2. 中国科学院大学考古学与人类学系,北京 100049；
3. 新疆吐鲁番学研究院,新疆吐鲁番 838000；

Scientific analysis of a jet artifact from Shengjindian Cemetery in Turpan, Xinjiang

  • SUN Nuoyang1,2

    Affiliation：

    1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044 , China

    2. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 , China

    ×
  • ， WANG Long3

    Affiliation：

    3. Academia Turfanica, Turpan 838000 , China

    ×
  • ， HAN Bin2

    Affiliation：

    2. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 , China

    ×
  • ， RAO Huiyun1

    Affiliation：

    1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044 , China

    ×
  • ， YANG Yimin2

    Affiliation：

    2. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 , China

    ×

1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044 , China；
2. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 , China；
3. Academia Turfanica, Turpan 838000 , China；

作者简介:

孙诺杨(1996—),女,中国科学院大学2018级硕士研究生,从事残留物分析工作,E-mail:sunnuoyang18@mails.ucas.ac.cn

通讯作者:

杨益民,E-mail:yiminyang@ucas.ac.cn

中图分类号:K875.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2021)04-0044-08

DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20200901873

参考文献 1
周佩玲,杨忠耀.有机宝石学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2004:160-163.ZHOU Peiling,YANG Zhongyao.Organic gemology[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,2004:160-163.
查找原文
参考文献 2
邢莹莹.辽宁抚顺煤精官能团表征及热变异行为[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2017,37(6):1819-1825.XING Yingying.Representation of functional group and thermal variation behavior of jet in Fushun,Liaoning[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2017,37(6):1819-1825.
查找原文
参考文献 3
POLLARD A,BUSSELL G,BAIRD D.The analytical investigation of early Bronze Age jet and jet-like material from the Devizes Museum[J].Archaeometry,1981,23(2):139-167.
查找原文
参考文献 4
祁守华.我国出土的煤精制品述略[J].文博,1986(6):68-72.QI Shouhua.A brief account of the jet products unearthed in China[J].Relics and Museology,1986(6):68-72.
查找原文
参考文献 5
KOOL J,POOLE I,VAN-BERGEN P F.How jet is formed:an organic geochemical approach using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Organic Geochemistry,2009,40(6):700-705.
查找原文
参考文献 6
广州市文物考古研究院.广州出土汉代珠饰研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2020:202.Guangzhou Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology.Study on the beads and pendants of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou[M].Beijing:Science Press,2020:202.
查找原文
参考文献 7
赵承泽,卢连城.关于西周的一批煤玉雕刻——兼论我国开始用煤作燃料的时间[J].文物,1978(5):64-66.ZHAO Chengze,LU Liancheng.A group of jet carvings in the Western Zhou Dynasty:the time when China began to use coal as fuel was discussed[J].Cultural Relics,1978(5):64-66.
查找原文
参考文献 8
许绍春.沈阳市新乐遗址煤制品产地探讨[J].考古,1979(1):79-81.XU Shaochun.Discussion on the origin of coal products in Xinle site of Shenyang[J].Archaeology,1979(1):79-81.
查找原文
参考文献 9
HUNTER F,MCDONNELL J,POLLARD A,et al.The scientific identification of archaeological jet-like artefacts[J].Archaeometry,1993,35(1):69-89.
查找原文
参考文献 10
WATTS S,POLLARD A M.Identifying archaeological jet and jet-like artifacts using FTIR[J].Postprints:IRUG2 at the V&A,1998:37-52.
查找原文
参考文献 11
SUN N Y,WANG R F,HAN B,et al.Nondestructive identification of a jet bead from the Changle Cemetery in Ningxia,China[J].Microchemical Journal,2020(157):104907.
查找原文
参考文献 12
张永兵,李肖,丁兰兰,等.新疆吐鲁番市胜金店墓地发掘简报[J].考古,2013(2):29-55.ZHANG Yongbing,LI Xiao,DING Lanlan,et al.Excavation of Shengjindian Cemetery in Turpan,Xinjiang[J].Archaeology,2013(2):29-55.
查找原文
参考文献 13
施加辛.琥珀有关问题的再探讨[J].中国宝玉石,2008(6):100-106.SHI Jiaxin.Again discussion in relation to problem about amber[J].China Gems and Jades,2008(6):100-106.
查找原文
参考文献 14
刘嘉.煤精的岩矿特征与质量分级[J].中国科技信息,2016(12):27.LIU Jia.Petrological characteristics and quality classification of jet[J].China Science and Technology Information,2016(12):27.
查找原文
参考文献 15
林宇超.琥珀与仿制品的鉴别方法研究[J].中国标准化,2018,16(8):185-186.LIN Yuchao.Study on the identification method of amber and imitation[J].China Standardization,2018,16(8):185-186.
查找原文
参考文献 16
刘奎,孙淑和,吴奇虎,等.褐煤的生物标志物研究[J].煤炭转化,1996(1):22-32.LIU Kui,SUN Shuhe,WU Qihu,et al.Study on lignite biomarkers[J].Coal Conversion,1996(1):22-32.
查找原文
参考文献 17
STEFANOVA M,MARKOVA K,MARINOV S,et al.Biomarkers in the fossils from the Miocene-aged Chukurovo lignite,Bulgaria:sesqui-and diterpenoids[J].Bulletin of Geosciences,2005,80(1):93-97.
查找原文
参考文献 18
FABIAŃSKA M J,ĆMIEL S R,MISZ-KENNAN M.Biomarkers and aromatic hydrocarbons in bituminous coals of Upper Silesian Coal Basin:example from 405 coal seam of the Zaleskie Beds(Poland)[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2013(107):96-111.
查找原文
参考文献 19
FURMANN A,MASTALERZ M,BRASSELL S C,et al.Extractability of biomarkers from high-and low-vitrinite coals and its effect on the porosity of coal[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2013(107):141-151.
查找原文
参考文献 20
FABIAŃSKA M J,KURKIEWICZ S.Biomarkers,aromatic hydrocarbons and polar compounds in the Neogene lignites and gangue sediments of the Konin and Turoszów Brown Coal Basins(Poland)[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2013(107):24-44.
查找原文
参考文献 21
VAN-AARSSEN B G,ALEXANDER R,KAGI R I.Higher plant biomarkers reflect palaeovegetation changes during Jurassic times[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2000,64(8):1417-1424.
查找原文
参考文献 22
王晓华,魏贤勇.GC/MS分析义马煤CS2萃取物化学组成[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2005,24(5):781-784.WANG Xiaohua,WEI Xianyong.GC/MS analysis of chemical composition of CS2 extracts from Yima coal[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University,2005,24(5):781-784.
查找原文
参考文献 23
王晓华,熊玉春,顾晓华,等.几种烟煤CS2萃取物的GC/MS分析[J].燃料化学学报,2002,30(1):72-77.WANG Xiaohua,XIONG Yuchun,GU Xiaohua,et al.GC/MS analysis of CS2-extracts from several bituminous coals[J].Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology,2002,30(1):72-77.
查找原文
参考文献 24
秦志宏,江春,孙昊,等.童亭亮煤CS2溶剂分次萃取物的GC/MS分析[J].中国矿业大学学报,2005,34(6):707-711.QIN Zhihong,JIANG Chun,SUN Hao,et al.GC/MS analyses of clarain from Tongting bituminous coal extracted with CS2 using fractional extraction[J].Journal of China University of Mining & Technology,2005,34(6):707-711.
查找原文
参考文献 25
FABIAŃSKA J M.GC-MS investigation of distribution of fatty acids in selected Polish brown coals[J].Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,2004,72(2):241-244.
查找原文
参考文献 26
华宗琪,秦志宏,陈德仁,等.童亭亮煤索氏萃取和超声萃取的GC/MS分析[J].广州化工,2011,39(10):1-4.HUA Zongqi,QIN Zhihong,CHEN Deren,et al.GC/MS analysis of clarain from Tongting sbituminous coal extracted using soxhlet extraction and ultrasonic extraction[J].Guangzhou Chemical Industry,2011,39(10):1-4.
查找原文
参考文献 27
孙凤,李依林,马彦妮,等.红外光谱在文物保护中的应用介绍[J].文物保护与考古科学,2019,31(6):112-117.SUN Feng,LI Yilin,MA Yanni,et al.Introduction to the applications of infrared spectroscopy to the conservation of cultural relics[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2019,31(6):112-117.
查找原文
参考文献 28
PAINTER P C,SNYDER R W,STARSINIC M,et al.Concerning the application of FT-IR to the study of coal:a critical assessment of band assignments and the application of spectral analysis programs[J].Applied Spectroscopy,1981,35(5):475-485.
查找原文
参考文献 29
IGLESIAS M J,JIMENEZ A,LAGGOUN-DEFARGE F,et al.FTIR study of pure vitrains and associated coals[J].Energy & Fuels,1995,9(3):458-466.
查找原文
参考文献 30
NGAN-TILLARD D,HUISMAN D,CORBELLA F,et al.Over the rainbow?Micro-CT scanning to non-destructively study Roman and early medieval glass bead manufacture[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2018(98):7-21.
查找原文
参考文献 31
董俊卿,李青会,刘松,等.合浦汉墓出土绿柱石宝石珠饰的科学分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2019,31(4):30-38.DONG Junqing,LI Qinghui,LIU Song,et al.Scientific analysis of beryl bead ornaments unearthed from Han tombs in Hepu County[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2019,31(4):30-38.
查找原文
参考文献 32
薛毅.关于中国古代煤炭历史研究的几个基本问题[J].中国矿业大学学报(社会科学版),2012,14(1):97-102.XUE Yi.Some fundamental issues on coal history research in ancient China[J].Journal of China University of Mining & Technology(Social Sciences),2012,14(1):97-102.
查找原文
参考文献 33
SMITH A.Coal microscopy in the service of archaeology[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2005(62):49-59.
查找原文
参考文献 34
SHERIDAN A,DAVIS M,CLARK I,et al.Investigating jet and jet-like artefacts from prehistoric Scotland:the National Museums of Scotland project[J].Antiquity,2002,76(293):812-825.
查找原文
参考文献 35
柴国生.从考古发现看河南汉代煤炭业的发展[J].中原文物,2014(6):54-60.CHAI Guosheng.Analysis on the coal industry development of the Han Dynasty in Henan Province from the archaeological findings[J].Cultural Relics of Central China,2014(6):54-60.
查找原文
参考文献 36
朱歌敏.宝鸡地区秦墓出土玉器初探[J].文博,2014(3):34-41.ZHU Gemin.Preliminary study on the jades unearthed from Qin tombs in Baoji[J].Relics and Museology,2014(3):34-41.
查找原文
参考文献 37
孙秉君,程蕊萍,陈建凌,等.陕西韩城梁带村遗址M26发掘简报[J].文物,2008(1):4-21.SUN Bingjun,CHENG Ruiping,CHEN Jianling,et al.A brief excavation report on the No.26 tomb located in Liangdai Village,Hancheng City,Shaanxi[J].Cultural Relics,2008(1):4-21.
查找原文
参考文献 38
鲍怡,朱勤文,辛军民,等.三门峡虢国墓地M2012墓玉器材质研究[J].中原文物,2015(1):117-121.BAO Yi,ZHU Qinwen,XIN Junmin,et al.Study on the material of jade from Tomb M2012 in Guoguo Cemetery,Sanmenxia[J].Cultural Relics of Central China,2015(1):117-121.
查找原文
参考文献 39
石荣传.三代至两汉玉器分期及用玉制度研究[D].济南:山东大学,2005.SHI Rongchuan.Research on the stage and use system of jade from the Three Dynasties to the Han Dynasty[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2005.
查找原文
参考文献 40
吴爱琴.先秦服饰制度形成研究[D].开封:河南大学,2013.WU Aiqin.The study on the formation of the clothing system and social hierarchy in the pre-Qin period[D].Kaifeng:Henan University,2013.
查找原文
参考文献 41
陈凤山,王瑞昌,哈达.满洲里市蘑菇山墓地发掘报告[J].草原文物,2014(2):21-35.CHEN Fengshan,WANG Ruichang,HA Da.Excavation report of the Mogushan Cemetery in Manzhouli[J].Steppe Cultural Relics,2014(2):21-35.
查找原文
参考文献 42
胡雪艳,梁云.扎赉诺尔墓群与蘑菇山墓群的比较研究[J].呼伦贝尔学院学报,2019,27(1):22-30.HU Xueyan,LIANG Yun.Comparative study on the tombs of Zhalainuoer and Mogushan[J].Journal of Hulunbeier University,2019,27(1):22-30.
查找原文
参考文献 43
李文信,徐秉琨,孙守道,等.辽阳鹅房汉代墓地1954年、1955年发掘简报[J].中国国家博物馆馆刊,2019(9):36-52.LI Wenxin,XU Bingkun,SUN Shoudao,et al.1954—1955 excavation report of the Han Tombs at Efang,Liaoyang[J].Journal of National Museum of China,2019(9):36-52.
查找原文
参考文献 44
姚智辉,李锋.宝丰出土汉代饰品类器物的分析[J].中原文物,2014(1):118-122.YAO Zhihui,LI Feng.Analysis of Han Dynasty ornaments unearthed in Baofeng[J].Cultural Relics of Central China,2014(1):118-122.
查找原文
参考文献 45
王珍仁,孙慧珍.新疆出土的肖形印介绍[J].文物,1999(3):84-91.WANG Zhenren,SUN Huizhen.An introduction to the pictorial seals unearthed in Xinjiang[J].Cultural Relics,1999(3):84-91.
查找原文
参考文献 46
薛世孝.古代河南人民对煤炭的开发利用[J].中州学刊,1983(5):116-120.XUE Shixiao.The exploitation and utilization of coal in ancient Henan[J].Academic Journal of Zhongzhou,1983(5):116-120.
查找原文
参考文献 47
《能源与节能》编辑部.煤精[J].能源与节能,2018(4):134.Energy and Energy Conservation Editorial Department.Jet[J].Energy and Energy Conservation,2018(4):134.
查找原文
目录contents

    摘要

    煤精独特的质地与光泽使其成为制作装饰品和工艺品的重要原料之一,自新石器时代中期便在我国作为艺术载体而出现。目前煤精制品的鉴定主要依据外观形貌、划痕颜色和破坏程度较大的煤岩学分析,无损或微损的科技分析甚少。本研究利用气相色谱-质谱联用、红外光谱及同步辐射显微CT技术对新疆吐鲁番西汉时期胜金店墓地出土的一枚黑色珠子开展了无损和微损分析。结果表明,珠子为煤精制品,结构均匀,制作时采用了对向钻孔工艺并经过了打磨、修整处理。煤精制品自西汉以来逐渐出现在低阶人群墓葬中,这种消费大众化现象可能与汉代煤的首次大规模利用有关;而煤精制品自汉代开始在新疆地区零星出现,推测新疆煤精制品的利用很可能是汉文化影响的结果。

    Abstract

    The unique texture and luster of jet make it one of the important materials for making ornaments and handicrafts, and has been used in China since the middle Neolithic Age. At present, the identification of jet artifacts is mainly based on appearance morphology, scratch color and destructive petrologic methods, but few non- or micro-destructive scientific investigations have been conducted. In this study, the non- and micro-destructive scientific analyses of a black bead unearthed in a Western Han tomb from Shengjindian Cemetery in Turpan, Xinjiang was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), infrared spectrometry and synchrotron radiation micro-computation tomography (SR-μCT). The results show that the bead is made of jet with a uniform structure, and that double-sided drilling technology, polishing and trimming were utilized in its production. Jet artifacts gradually appeared in the tombs of low-rank people since the Western Han Dynasty. This phenomenon of consumption popularization might be related to the first large-scale exploitation of coal in the Han Dynasty. Moreover, since the Han Dynasty, jet artifacts have sporadically appeared in Xinjiang, suggesting that the utilization of jet artifacts in Xinjiang was probably influenced by Han culture.

  • 0 引言

  • 煤精又名煤玉、雕漆煤、黑碳石、黑琥珀等,属褐煤的变种之一,且不同于普通煤炭,是一类颇具树脂光泽、质密体轻、坚韧稳定的黑色有机宝石[1],其地位可与琥珀相提并论。煤精由埋置于细粒淤泥中的桦、松、柏等植物腐烂后经漫长的石化作用转变而成,是多种有机化合物和无机矿物质组成的复杂混合物,常与煤矿伴生,多存在于煤层之间[2-4],但分布远不如煤炭广泛。世界优质煤精的产地以英国约克郡惠特比(Whitby)附近的沿岸地区为主。法国朗格多克省,西班牙阿拉贡、加利西亚、阿斯图里亚,美国犹他、科罗拉多州,以及俄罗斯,意大利,加拿大等国也有煤精产出。而在中国,煤精多产自辽宁抚顺,山西浑源、大同,山东新汶、青州、枣庄,贵州水城,陕西鄂尔多斯盆地[1,5],其中抚顺煤精最为出名。

  • 凭借独特的质地与光泽,煤精成为制作装饰品和工艺品的重要原料之一,深受世界众多文化推崇,而其作为艺术载体在我国的出现,至少可追溯到七千余年前的新石器时代中期。根据已发表的考古资料,珠子、印章及各式雕刻品在煤精制品中占据主流[4,6],以沈阳新乐遗址出土的煤精珠饰和陕西旬阳出土的独孤信多面体煤精组印尤具代表性。这些煤精制品的发现不仅拓宽并丰富了我国煤炭开发利用史,也为考证史料、探究古代科技发展提供了重要信息。目前,国内主要依据外观形貌(通体呈黑色、表面光亮致密、不透光),划痕颜色或开展破坏程度较大的煤岩学分析[7-8]对煤精制品进行鉴定,无损或微损的科技分析基本属于空白。此外,红外光谱、X射线荧光光谱、X射线成像、扫描电子显微镜、热裂解气质联用及岩石学和孢粉学方法常被国外学者用于煤精、烛煤、褐煤、油页岩等的区分[9-10]。虽然这些方法取得了一定成效,但其主要针对于煤制品大类中不同煤种间的辨别,在煤精鉴定方面的应用还较为匮乏。

  • 2008年吐鲁番西汉时期胜金店墓地M33中出土了一枚黑色珠子,疑似煤精制品。为保持珠子完整性,本工作利用之前建立的科技分析方法[11],使用有机溶剂浸泡提取样品中的有机成分以开展气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析,并采用便携红外光谱及同步辐射显微CT(SR-μCT)技术分析该样品,以期鉴别其材质,并探究其加工工艺。

  • 1 样品与方法

  • 1.1 样品介绍

  • 胜金店墓地位于吐鲁番市胜金乡胜金店村南郊、火焰山北部的坡地上,西距吐鲁番市40km。墓地于2006年配合312国道吐鲁番-鄯善段复线工程调查时被发现,次年10月吐鲁番学研究院考古研究所对其展开抢救性发掘,出土了大量随葬品,以木器和皮、毛质制品为主,还有石器、陶器、铜器、铁器及大量珠饰类器物。根据墓葬形制及出土文物特征,相关学者认为该墓葬群与吐鲁番地区先前发现的苏贝希文化有着强烈的共性。胜金店墓地的碳十四测年结果表明其距今约2 200~2 050年,应处西汉时期。据《汉书·西域传》记载,西汉中期以前吐鲁番盆地周围居住的是姑师人,故有学者推测胜金店墓葬的墓主人为姑师人[12]。

  • 本研究中的珠子样品(发掘原始编号:08TSM33-19)发现于M33,位于女性干尸胸部,呈扁球状,通体乌黑光亮,表面结构致密,稍有风化。珠子直径约1.3cm,中部有圆形穿孔,孔径约4mm(图1a)。利用静水称重法测得珠子的比重约为1.31g/cm3,且其在强光下仍保持不透明状态(图1b);在纸上轻轻刻划时会留下深巧克力色划痕(图1c)。以上特征均表明珠子的原料并非琥珀一类,而更可能为煤精[13-15]。为进行对比分析,一块产自辽宁抚顺西露天煤矿区的现代煤精(编号为抚顺煤精1)被作为参照材料纳入研究。

  • 图1 吐鲁番珠子样品的形貌及特征

  • Fig.1 Morphology and characteristics of the Turpan bead sample

  • 1.2 GC-MS分析

  • 将珠子样品放入4mL二氯甲烷液体中,超声振荡10min后弃去提取液,重新加入4mL二氯甲烷,超声振荡15min后保留上清液,重复2次;混合提取液并在氮气下吹干;加入50 μL正己烷和50 μL BSTFA,于70℃恒温反应1h,冷却至室温后用氮气吹干;加100 μL正己烷重溶,再加10 μL正三十四烷标样,进行GC-MS测试。

  • GC-MS分析所用设备为Agilent 7890A/5975C型气相色谱-质谱联用仪,色谱条件:DB-5HT弹性石英毛细管柱(30m×0.25mm×0.1 μm);载气为高纯氦气;分流比为10∶1;进样量1 μL;进样口温度300℃;接口温度350℃。升温程序:初始温度50℃保持1min,以15℃/min升温至100℃保持1min;再以10℃/min升温至375℃,保持5min。质谱条件:离子源为EI源,电子能量为70eV,离子源温度230℃,四极杆检测器,扫描范围:50~650u。

  • 1.3 ATR-FTIR分析

  • 测试所用设备为Agilent公司Agilent 4300型便携式傅立叶变换红外光谱仪,配ATR附件。将样品清洗干净后直接置于ATR附件采样器的晶体上,调整角度使检测信号最佳,以空气为实验背景数据进行测试。扫描次数32次;分辨率4cm-1;波数范围4 000~650cm-1。使用OMNIC 8.0软件分析处理数据。

  • 1.4 SR-μCT分析

  • SR-μCT实验在中国科学院上海光源X射线成像实验站(BL13W1)开展。能量为16keV;CCD探测器的空间分辨率为9 μm。使用Mimics 12软件进行数据处理。

  • 2 结果与讨论

  • 2.1 材质鉴定

  • 样品提取液的GC-MS总离子流色谱图(TIC)上的谱峰归属及相应化合物信息总结于表1。结果显示存在一系列正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃及萜类化合物等典型的煤类生物标记物。正构烷烃碳数从C16~C28连续分布;萜烃包括属倍半萜的卡达烯、二萜的惹烯和五环三萜类的藿烷[16-20]。其中,卡达烯是一种双环芳烃,来源于具有相似结构骨架的母体化合物,通常被视为高等植物的生物标记物[21];惹烯则由陆生高等植物尤其是松柏类植物树脂衍生而来,可指示针叶树来源,在成岩作用过程中松香酸脱羧、脱烷基及芳构化是其形成的主要途径[18,21-22]。此外,以萘、菲及其甲基取代物为主的多环芳烃和杂环化合物二苯并呋喃等煤中常见组分[23]在提取液中也有检出;还包括从正壬酸到正二十二烷酸连续分布的饱和脂肪酸。脂肪酸的极性使其易于进入煤网络结构中,并与骨架分子形成氢键,然而在长期煤化过程中,脂肪酸会发生脱羧反应生成脂肪烃,因此正构烷酸常被认为是正构烷烃的前体[24-25]。综上所述,珠子应当为煤制品,且原料中含有来自陆源高等植物的成分。

  • 表1 样品提取液色谱图的谱峰归属及相应化合物信息

  • Table1 Peak assignments related to the chromatogram and the description of the compounds identified in the sample extract

  • *分析对象为硅烷化产物。

  • 与煤岩学萃取法[18-19,26]相比,本工作对提取方法进行了适当调整,尤其缩短了提取时间,降低了提取温度,使整个过程变得更加缓和以避免外界损伤,因此提取进行的并不彻底,提取液不能充分反映样品的成分信息,难以依据正构烷烃、芳烃、脂肪酸或其他标记物的分布来区分煤的等级、种类和来源。而红外光谱作为常用的光谱学方法之一,能够提供物质的分子结构信息,配合ATR附件可对样品进行无损检测[27],有助于进一步确定珠子的具体煤种。

  • 图2为抚顺煤精(编号为抚顺煤精1、抚顺煤精2[2])、英国煤精[分别来自惠特比(Whitby)、基默里奇(Kimmeridge)][10]、宁夏常乐汉墓出土煤精珠[11]及吐鲁番珠子样品的红外光谱图。珠子样品与煤精的谱图类似:2 922、2 852cm-1处为脂肪烃的C-H伸缩振动;1 453、1 373cm-1为甲基、亚甲基的弯曲振动;1 600cm-1附近的吸收峰是煤的典型特征,通常被认为源自芳环的伸缩振动,且由于1 260cm-1处酚基的存在得以增强;900~690cm-1为芳环中C-H的面外振动[10,28];1 700cm-1处的吸收峰由C=O伸缩振动而引起,推测来自于脂肪酸中的羧基。前人研究表明,煤化程度较低的低阶煤在1 700cm-1左右有较强的吸收峰,随着成熟度增加,C=O基团因脱羧作用而逐渐消失,导致1 700cm-1处的吸收减弱[29]。抚顺煤精2、两种英国煤精及常乐煤精珠在1 700cm-1处仅有一微弱肩峰,可能是由于其成熟度略高于抚顺煤精1和吐鲁番珠子样品。1 030cm-1附近的吸收峰归属于硅酸盐矿物[10],为煤精的无机组成部分,其含量存在一定差异,因而导致六个样品在1 030cm-1处的吸收强度略有不同。综合珠子的外观形貌、划痕颜色以及最为重要的FTIR比对结果,可判断其原料确为煤精。

  • 2.2 不同产地煤精的红外光谱特征

  • 由于地质年代及地质条件等差异,不同产地煤精在同一官能团的吸收峰会有所变化,获取相关微信息可为煤精产地鉴定提供一定的辅助作用。1 500cm-1左右为芳烃的C=C伸缩振动,Watts和Pollard[10]曾利用此吸收峰对Whitby、Kimmeridge地区的煤精进行区别:Whitby煤精中表现为肩峰;Kimmeridge煤精中为尖峰。而在抚顺煤精中均未观察到明显吸收峰。根据Iglesias等[10,29]的研究,1 500cm-1处峰的强度和位置与芳环的取代模式和缩合程度有关,说明不同产地煤精的有机成分存在差别。常乐煤精珠及吐鲁番煤精珠的红外光谱在该波段均无明显吸收峰,然而前者在1 453、1 373cm-1处谱带的强度与抚顺煤精差异较大;后者则符合抚顺煤精的特点,与抚顺煤精在红外上较为相似,但由于国内其他产地煤精的相关分析工作尚未开展,难以进行对比研究追踪古代煤精制品产地。后续可对各地煤精开展ATR-FTIR分析,建立不同产地煤精的红外光谱数据库,以期重现古代煤精传播路线,探讨其背后的文化交流。

  • 图2 吐鲁番珠子样品、常乐煤精珠[11]及不同产地煤精[2,10]的红外光谱对比图

  • Fig.2 Comparison of the Turpan bead sample, Changle jet bead and jet from different areas by FTIR

  • 2.3 显微分析

  • SR-μCT扫描图提供了珠子横切面和纵切面的断层照片(图3):珠子主体部分呈现均匀的灰色,而其内部散落分布着少量更为明亮的颗粒。在CT图像中,灰度能反映物体对X射线的吸收情况,与各部位化学成分及密度相关。通常重元素具有更高的X射线吸收率,因而在CT扫描图上呈现出更为明亮的区域[30]。由此可知,珠子是以有机化合物为主,无机矿物质为辅共同组成的混合物,且内外结构特点一致、组成较为均匀。

  • 珠子的CT纵切面图像直观地展现了其穿孔形貌(图3b):孔道呈较规则圆柱体,自两端向中部渐缩且两端穿孔位置无明显偏移;孔壁较光滑,无可见台痕。表明采用了对钻钻孔工艺并对孔壁进行了打磨、修整处理[31]。

  • 图3 珠子的CT扫描图

  • Fig.3 CT scanning of the bead

  • 2.4 文化意义

  • 煤炭在人类生活中已有数千年利用史,其不仅是众所周知的燃料,还常被用于书写、化妆、入药、制作实用器和工艺品,在中国古代社会中应用广泛[32]。然而,世界上众多地区早期煤的利用似乎均与装饰品有关,且大多为煤精制品。作为一类具有独特色泽、硬度及韧性的煤种,煤精更适于雕刻、抛光[7]。人们选择用煤精来制作器物,表明当时的人们已经认识到这些差别,对煤有了区分意识;也反映出人们对这种易加工的黑色材料的喜爱与追捧,甚至将其与神灵联系起来,赋予其神秘的属性[4,32-34],因此煤精制品也常作为陪葬品伴随墓主人一起下葬。与胜金店墓地出土的其他串珠不同,M33中出土的这颗煤精珠单独呈现,没有与其他装饰品形成组合关系,这或许体现出其对于墓主人而言较为特殊的地位。

  • 不同于普通的煤,煤精多产生于煤层之间,通常在煤炭开采过程中才能获得[7],因此成批煤精制品的出现在某种程度上可以反映古代煤炭开发利用的水平及规模。汉代是我国煤炭利用的第一个高峰期,日常生活、冶金和烧窑等诸多需求促进了煤炭业的发展[35],使得煤精材料的稀缺性降低,煤精制品更易于普及。西汉之前,煤精制品主要见于皇室、贵族及高阶官墓中,如宝鸡竹园沟西周墓地M1、M5、M7、M9、M13、M20,宝鸡茹家庄西周墓地M1、M2,山西曲沃西周墓地M92,三门峡虢国墓地M2012,梁带村芮国墓地M26及秦公一号大墓等[4,36-40];西汉以来,煤精制品逐渐出现在低阶人群墓葬中,诸如在宁夏常乐墓地墓M9,宝丰廖旗营墓地墓M6,辽阳鹅房墓地墓M53,蘑菇山墓群墓M1、M3、M5,扎赉诺尔墓群以及广州地区的几处东汉墓葬中均有出土[6,11,41-44]。本研究中的煤精珠亦来自于平民墓葬。这种转变或许反映了煤精制品在汉代煤的大规模利用背景下,其消费群体开始扩大,使用日趋大众化。而自汉代以后,煤精制品出现的频率明显降低,一方面存在考古发掘及报告整理的影响;另一方面也可能与各式雕刻材料日益广泛的利用有关。此外,新疆民丰尼雅遗址、高昌故城丝路沿线及胜金店墓地等地[4,45]出土了煤精制品,但尚未发现新疆地区汉代之前的煤精制品;汉代开始突然出现煤精制品,暗示新疆地区的煤精很可能是通过物品交流或技术传播的方式而开始利用,这可能反映了“凿空”西域后,汉文化对新疆地区的深刻影响。但这一推论需要今后对该地区出土的汉代之前的黑色制品进行材质鉴定,以及汉代以来的煤精制品进行产地分析来验证。

  • 目前,关于煤精的称呼尚未有统一说法,众多考古资料中使用的名称也不尽相同,诸如煤精、炭精、炭根、煤根、煤玉、石炭等。有学者认为石炭是煤炭、石墨、焦石的别称[46];有学者认为煤根不同于煤精[47];亦有人认为煤根是煤炭的称谓之一[32];炭精在现代则多指碳的同素异形体石墨;而有机宝石学中则将煤精、煤玉、黑碳石并称[1]。这些称谓之间的关系究竟是怎样的,不同名称背后实际指代的到底是何种材质,目前尚不能确认。鉴别出土器物的材质一直是考古学研究的前提与基础。根据考古资料中的描述,以上材料均具有黝黑致密、可供雕琢的特点,仅凭外观形貌难以进行鉴定;而科技分析能够从分子层面提供信息,有助于准确揭示古代样品的来源,在考古学研究中具有重要意义。

  • 3 结论

  • 采用气相色谱-质谱联用、红外光谱及同步辐射显微CT技术,对吐鲁番胜金店墓地M33西汉墓出土的一枚黑色珠子进行了科技分析。GC-MS结果显示存在一系列正构烷烃、多环芳烃、类异戊二烯烃及萜类化合物等煤类生物标记物,说明珠子属于煤制品;又经ATR-FTIR分析,并通过与现代样品的对比研究,进一步证明其原料为煤精;而CT图像则表明珠子结构均匀,制作时采用了对向钻孔工艺,且孔壁经过了一定程度的打磨、修整处理。不同产地煤精在红外谱图上差异较大,暗示红外光谱具有煤精产地溯源的潜力。

  • 汉代是我国煤炭开发利用的第一个高峰期,煤炭业迅速发展促使煤精稀缺性降低,因此煤精制品在西汉的普及很可能与煤的首次大规模利用有关。新疆地区自汉代开始零星出现煤精制品,推测新疆地区的煤精可能是通过物品交流或技术传播的方式而开始利用,这可能是汉代时期汉文化对新疆地区深刻影响的体现之一。

  • 致谢:感谢安捷伦公司的张晓丹对本工作中ATR-FTIR实验过程的指导。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 周佩玲,杨忠耀.有机宝石学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2004:160-163.ZHOU Peiling,YANG Zhongyao.Organic gemology[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,2004:160-163.

    • [2] 邢莹莹.辽宁抚顺煤精官能团表征及热变异行为[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2017,37(6):1819-1825.XING Yingying.Representation of functional group and thermal variation behavior of jet in Fushun,Liaoning[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2017,37(6):1819-1825.

    • [3] POLLARD A,BUSSELL G,BAIRD D.The analytical investigation of early Bronze Age jet and jet-like material from the Devizes Museum[J].Archaeometry,1981,23(2):139-167.

    • [4] 祁守华.我国出土的煤精制品述略[J].文博,1986(6):68-72.QI Shouhua.A brief account of the jet products unearthed in China[J].Relics and Museology,1986(6):68-72.

    • [5] KOOL J,POOLE I,VAN-BERGEN P F.How jet is formed:an organic geochemical approach using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Organic Geochemistry,2009,40(6):700-705.

    • [6] 广州市文物考古研究院.广州出土汉代珠饰研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2020:202.Guangzhou Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology.Study on the beads and pendants of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou[M].Beijing:Science Press,2020:202.

    • [7] 赵承泽,卢连城.关于西周的一批煤玉雕刻——兼论我国开始用煤作燃料的时间[J].文物,1978(5):64-66.ZHAO Chengze,LU Liancheng.A group of jet carvings in the Western Zhou Dynasty:the time when China began to use coal as fuel was discussed[J].Cultural Relics,1978(5):64-66.

    • [8] 许绍春.沈阳市新乐遗址煤制品产地探讨[J].考古,1979(1):79-81.XU Shaochun.Discussion on the origin of coal products in Xinle site of Shenyang[J].Archaeology,1979(1):79-81.

    • [9] HUNTER F,MCDONNELL J,POLLARD A,et al.The scientific identification of archaeological jet-like artefacts[J].Archaeometry,1993,35(1):69-89.

    • [10] WATTS S,POLLARD A M.Identifying archaeological jet and jet-like artifacts using FTIR[J].Postprints:IRUG2 at the V&A,1998:37-52.

    • [11] SUN N Y,WANG R F,HAN B,et al.Nondestructive identification of a jet bead from the Changle Cemetery in Ningxia,China[J].Microchemical Journal,2020(157):104907.

    • [12] 张永兵,李肖,丁兰兰,等.新疆吐鲁番市胜金店墓地发掘简报[J].考古,2013(2):29-55.ZHANG Yongbing,LI Xiao,DING Lanlan,et al.Excavation of Shengjindian Cemetery in Turpan,Xinjiang[J].Archaeology,2013(2):29-55.

    • [13] 施加辛.琥珀有关问题的再探讨[J].中国宝玉石,2008(6):100-106.SHI Jiaxin.Again discussion in relation to problem about amber[J].China Gems and Jades,2008(6):100-106.

    • [14] 刘嘉.煤精的岩矿特征与质量分级[J].中国科技信息,2016(12):27.LIU Jia.Petrological characteristics and quality classification of jet[J].China Science and Technology Information,2016(12):27.

    • [15] 林宇超.琥珀与仿制品的鉴别方法研究[J].中国标准化,2018,16(8):185-186.LIN Yuchao.Study on the identification method of amber and imitation[J].China Standardization,2018,16(8):185-186.

    • [16] 刘奎,孙淑和,吴奇虎,等.褐煤的生物标志物研究[J].煤炭转化,1996(1):22-32.LIU Kui,SUN Shuhe,WU Qihu,et al.Study on lignite biomarkers[J].Coal Conversion,1996(1):22-32.

    • [17] STEFANOVA M,MARKOVA K,MARINOV S,et al.Biomarkers in the fossils from the Miocene-aged Chukurovo lignite,Bulgaria:sesqui-and diterpenoids[J].Bulletin of Geosciences,2005,80(1):93-97.

    • [18] FABIAŃSKA M J,ĆMIEL S R,MISZ-KENNAN M.Biomarkers and aromatic hydrocarbons in bituminous coals of Upper Silesian Coal Basin:example from 405 coal seam of the Zaleskie Beds(Poland)[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2013(107):96-111.

    • [19] FURMANN A,MASTALERZ M,BRASSELL S C,et al.Extractability of biomarkers from high-and low-vitrinite coals and its effect on the porosity of coal[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2013(107):141-151.

    • [20] FABIAŃSKA M J,KURKIEWICZ S.Biomarkers,aromatic hydrocarbons and polar compounds in the Neogene lignites and gangue sediments of the Konin and Turoszów Brown Coal Basins(Poland)[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2013(107):24-44.

    • [21] VAN-AARSSEN B G,ALEXANDER R,KAGI R I.Higher plant biomarkers reflect palaeovegetation changes during Jurassic times[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2000,64(8):1417-1424.

    • [22] 王晓华,魏贤勇.GC/MS分析义马煤CS2萃取物化学组成[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2005,24(5):781-784.WANG Xiaohua,WEI Xianyong.GC/MS analysis of chemical composition of CS2 extracts from Yima coal[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University,2005,24(5):781-784.

    • [23] 王晓华,熊玉春,顾晓华,等.几种烟煤CS2萃取物的GC/MS分析[J].燃料化学学报,2002,30(1):72-77.WANG Xiaohua,XIONG Yuchun,GU Xiaohua,et al.GC/MS analysis of CS2-extracts from several bituminous coals[J].Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology,2002,30(1):72-77.

    • [24] 秦志宏,江春,孙昊,等.童亭亮煤CS2溶剂分次萃取物的GC/MS分析[J].中国矿业大学学报,2005,34(6):707-711.QIN Zhihong,JIANG Chun,SUN Hao,et al.GC/MS analyses of clarain from Tongting bituminous coal extracted with CS2 using fractional extraction[J].Journal of China University of Mining & Technology,2005,34(6):707-711.

    • [25] FABIAŃSKA J M.GC-MS investigation of distribution of fatty acids in selected Polish brown coals[J].Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,2004,72(2):241-244.

    • [26] 华宗琪,秦志宏,陈德仁,等.童亭亮煤索氏萃取和超声萃取的GC/MS分析[J].广州化工,2011,39(10):1-4.HUA Zongqi,QIN Zhihong,CHEN Deren,et al.GC/MS analysis of clarain from Tongting sbituminous coal extracted using soxhlet extraction and ultrasonic extraction[J].Guangzhou Chemical Industry,2011,39(10):1-4.

    • [27] 孙凤,李依林,马彦妮,等.红外光谱在文物保护中的应用介绍[J].文物保护与考古科学,2019,31(6):112-117.SUN Feng,LI Yilin,MA Yanni,et al.Introduction to the applications of infrared spectroscopy to the conservation of cultural relics[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2019,31(6):112-117.

    • [28] PAINTER P C,SNYDER R W,STARSINIC M,et al.Concerning the application of FT-IR to the study of coal:a critical assessment of band assignments and the application of spectral analysis programs[J].Applied Spectroscopy,1981,35(5):475-485.

    • [29] IGLESIAS M J,JIMENEZ A,LAGGOUN-DEFARGE F,et al.FTIR study of pure vitrains and associated coals[J].Energy & Fuels,1995,9(3):458-466.

    • [30] NGAN-TILLARD D,HUISMAN D,CORBELLA F,et al.Over the rainbow?Micro-CT scanning to non-destructively study Roman and early medieval glass bead manufacture[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2018(98):7-21.

    • [31] 董俊卿,李青会,刘松,等.合浦汉墓出土绿柱石宝石珠饰的科学分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2019,31(4):30-38.DONG Junqing,LI Qinghui,LIU Song,et al.Scientific analysis of beryl bead ornaments unearthed from Han tombs in Hepu County[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2019,31(4):30-38.

    • [32] 薛毅.关于中国古代煤炭历史研究的几个基本问题[J].中国矿业大学学报(社会科学版),2012,14(1):97-102.XUE Yi.Some fundamental issues on coal history research in ancient China[J].Journal of China University of Mining & Technology(Social Sciences),2012,14(1):97-102.

    • [33] SMITH A.Coal microscopy in the service of archaeology[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2005(62):49-59.

    • [34] SHERIDAN A,DAVIS M,CLARK I,et al.Investigating jet and jet-like artefacts from prehistoric Scotland:the National Museums of Scotland project[J].Antiquity,2002,76(293):812-825.

    • [35] 柴国生.从考古发现看河南汉代煤炭业的发展[J].中原文物,2014(6):54-60.CHAI Guosheng.Analysis on the coal industry development of the Han Dynasty in Henan Province from the archaeological findings[J].Cultural Relics of Central China,2014(6):54-60.

    • [36] 朱歌敏.宝鸡地区秦墓出土玉器初探[J].文博,2014(3):34-41.ZHU Gemin.Preliminary study on the jades unearthed from Qin tombs in Baoji[J].Relics and Museology,2014(3):34-41.

    • [37] 孙秉君,程蕊萍,陈建凌,等.陕西韩城梁带村遗址M26发掘简报[J].文物,2008(1):4-21.SUN Bingjun,CHENG Ruiping,CHEN Jianling,et al.A brief excavation report on the No.26 tomb located in Liangdai Village,Hancheng City,Shaanxi[J].Cultural Relics,2008(1):4-21.

    • [38] 鲍怡,朱勤文,辛军民,等.三门峡虢国墓地M2012墓玉器材质研究[J].中原文物,2015(1):117-121.BAO Yi,ZHU Qinwen,XIN Junmin,et al.Study on the material of jade from Tomb M2012 in Guoguo Cemetery,Sanmenxia[J].Cultural Relics of Central China,2015(1):117-121.

    • [39] 石荣传.三代至两汉玉器分期及用玉制度研究[D].济南:山东大学,2005.SHI Rongchuan.Research on the stage and use system of jade from the Three Dynasties to the Han Dynasty[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2005.

    • [40] 吴爱琴.先秦服饰制度形成研究[D].开封:河南大学,2013.WU Aiqin.The study on the formation of the clothing system and social hierarchy in the pre-Qin period[D].Kaifeng:Henan University,2013.

    • [41] 陈凤山,王瑞昌,哈达.满洲里市蘑菇山墓地发掘报告[J].草原文物,2014(2):21-35.CHEN Fengshan,WANG Ruichang,HA Da.Excavation report of the Mogushan Cemetery in Manzhouli[J].Steppe Cultural Relics,2014(2):21-35.

    • [42] 胡雪艳,梁云.扎赉诺尔墓群与蘑菇山墓群的比较研究[J].呼伦贝尔学院学报,2019,27(1):22-30.HU Xueyan,LIANG Yun.Comparative study on the tombs of Zhalainuoer and Mogushan[J].Journal of Hulunbeier University,2019,27(1):22-30.

    • [43] 李文信,徐秉琨,孙守道,等.辽阳鹅房汉代墓地1954年、1955年发掘简报[J].中国国家博物馆馆刊,2019(9):36-52.LI Wenxin,XU Bingkun,SUN Shoudao,et al.1954—1955 excavation report of the Han Tombs at Efang,Liaoyang[J].Journal of National Museum of China,2019(9):36-52.

    • [44] 姚智辉,李锋.宝丰出土汉代饰品类器物的分析[J].中原文物,2014(1):118-122.YAO Zhihui,LI Feng.Analysis of Han Dynasty ornaments unearthed in Baofeng[J].Cultural Relics of Central China,2014(1):118-122.

    • [45] 王珍仁,孙慧珍.新疆出土的肖形印介绍[J].文物,1999(3):84-91.WANG Zhenren,SUN Huizhen.An introduction to the pictorial seals unearthed in Xinjiang[J].Cultural Relics,1999(3):84-91.

    • [46] 薛世孝.古代河南人民对煤炭的开发利用[J].中州学刊,1983(5):116-120.XUE Shixiao.The exploitation and utilization of coal in ancient Henan[J].Academic Journal of Zhongzhou,1983(5):116-120.

    • [47] 《能源与节能》编辑部.煤精[J].能源与节能,2018(4):134.Energy and Energy Conservation Editorial Department.Jet[J].Energy and Energy Conservation,2018(4):134.

  • 基本信息

    中图分类号: K875.2
    文献标识码: A
    DOI: 10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20200901873
    文章编号: 1005-1538(2021)04-0044-08

    基金信息

    中组部青年拔尖人才计划资助；
    中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助；

    引用信息

    稿件历史

    收稿日期: 2020-09-13

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 周佩玲,杨忠耀.有机宝石学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2004:160-163.ZHOU Peiling,YANG Zhongyao.Organic gemology[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,2004:160-163.

    • [2] 邢莹莹.辽宁抚顺煤精官能团表征及热变异行为[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2017,37(6):1819-1825.XING Yingying.Representation of functional group and thermal variation behavior of jet in Fushun,Liaoning[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2017,37(6):1819-1825.

    • [3] POLLARD A,BUSSELL G,BAIRD D.The analytical investigation of early Bronze Age jet and jet-like material from the Devizes Museum[J].Archaeometry,1981,23(2):139-167.

    • [4] 祁守华.我国出土的煤精制品述略[J].文博,1986(6):68-72.QI Shouhua.A brief account of the jet products unearthed in China[J].Relics and Museology,1986(6):68-72.

    • [5] KOOL J,POOLE I,VAN-BERGEN P F.How jet is formed:an organic geochemical approach using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Organic Geochemistry,2009,40(6):700-705.

    • [6] 广州市文物考古研究院.广州出土汉代珠饰研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2020:202.Guangzhou Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology.Study on the beads and pendants of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou[M].Beijing:Science Press,2020:202.

    • [7] 赵承泽,卢连城.关于西周的一批煤玉雕刻——兼论我国开始用煤作燃料的时间[J].文物,1978(5):64-66.ZHAO Chengze,LU Liancheng.A group of jet carvings in the Western Zhou Dynasty:the time when China began to use coal as fuel was discussed[J].Cultural Relics,1978(5):64-66.

    • [8] 许绍春.沈阳市新乐遗址煤制品产地探讨[J].考古,1979(1):79-81.XU Shaochun.Discussion on the origin of coal products in Xinle site of Shenyang[J].Archaeology,1979(1):79-81.

    • [9] HUNTER F,MCDONNELL J,POLLARD A,et al.The scientific identification of archaeological jet-like artefacts[J].Archaeometry,1993,35(1):69-89.

    • [10] WATTS S,POLLARD A M.Identifying archaeological jet and jet-like artifacts using FTIR[J].Postprints:IRUG2 at the V&A,1998:37-52.

    • [11] SUN N Y,WANG R F,HAN B,et al.Nondestructive identification of a jet bead from the Changle Cemetery in Ningxia,China[J].Microchemical Journal,2020(157):104907.

    • [12] 张永兵,李肖,丁兰兰,等.新疆吐鲁番市胜金店墓地发掘简报[J].考古,2013(2):29-55.ZHANG Yongbing,LI Xiao,DING Lanlan,et al.Excavation of Shengjindian Cemetery in Turpan,Xinjiang[J].Archaeology,2013(2):29-55.

    • [13] 施加辛.琥珀有关问题的再探讨[J].中国宝玉石,2008(6):100-106.SHI Jiaxin.Again discussion in relation to problem about amber[J].China Gems and Jades,2008(6):100-106.

    • [14] 刘嘉.煤精的岩矿特征与质量分级[J].中国科技信息,2016(12):27.LIU Jia.Petrological characteristics and quality classification of jet[J].China Science and Technology Information,2016(12):27.

    • [15] 林宇超.琥珀与仿制品的鉴别方法研究[J].中国标准化,2018,16(8):185-186.LIN Yuchao.Study on the identification method of amber and imitation[J].China Standardization,2018,16(8):185-186.

    • [16] 刘奎,孙淑和,吴奇虎,等.褐煤的生物标志物研究[J].煤炭转化,1996(1):22-32.LIU Kui,SUN Shuhe,WU Qihu,et al.Study on lignite biomarkers[J].Coal Conversion,1996(1):22-32.

    • [17] STEFANOVA M,MARKOVA K,MARINOV S,et al.Biomarkers in the fossils from the Miocene-aged Chukurovo lignite,Bulgaria:sesqui-and diterpenoids[J].Bulletin of Geosciences,2005,80(1):93-97.

    • [18] FABIAŃSKA M J,ĆMIEL S R,MISZ-KENNAN M.Biomarkers and aromatic hydrocarbons in bituminous coals of Upper Silesian Coal Basin:example from 405 coal seam of the Zaleskie Beds(Poland)[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2013(107):96-111.

    • [19] FURMANN A,MASTALERZ M,BRASSELL S C,et al.Extractability of biomarkers from high-and low-vitrinite coals and its effect on the porosity of coal[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2013(107):141-151.

    • [20] FABIAŃSKA M J,KURKIEWICZ S.Biomarkers,aromatic hydrocarbons and polar compounds in the Neogene lignites and gangue sediments of the Konin and Turoszów Brown Coal Basins(Poland)[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2013(107):24-44.

    • [21] VAN-AARSSEN B G,ALEXANDER R,KAGI R I.Higher plant biomarkers reflect palaeovegetation changes during Jurassic times[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2000,64(8):1417-1424.

    • [22] 王晓华,魏贤勇.GC/MS分析义马煤CS2萃取物化学组成[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2005,24(5):781-784.WANG Xiaohua,WEI Xianyong.GC/MS analysis of chemical composition of CS2 extracts from Yima coal[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University,2005,24(5):781-784.

    • [23] 王晓华,熊玉春,顾晓华,等.几种烟煤CS2萃取物的GC/MS分析[J].燃料化学学报,2002,30(1):72-77.WANG Xiaohua,XIONG Yuchun,GU Xiaohua,et al.GC/MS analysis of CS2-extracts from several bituminous coals[J].Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology,2002,30(1):72-77.

    • [24] 秦志宏,江春,孙昊,等.童亭亮煤CS2溶剂分次萃取物的GC/MS分析[J].中国矿业大学学报,2005,34(6):707-711.QIN Zhihong,JIANG Chun,SUN Hao,et al.GC/MS analyses of clarain from Tongting bituminous coal extracted with CS2 using fractional extraction[J].Journal of China University of Mining & Technology,2005,34(6):707-711.

    • [25] FABIAŃSKA J M.GC-MS investigation of distribution of fatty acids in selected Polish brown coals[J].Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,2004,72(2):241-244.

    • [26] 华宗琪,秦志宏,陈德仁,等.童亭亮煤索氏萃取和超声萃取的GC/MS分析[J].广州化工,2011,39(10):1-4.HUA Zongqi,QIN Zhihong,CHEN Deren,et al.GC/MS analysis of clarain from Tongting sbituminous coal extracted using soxhlet extraction and ultrasonic extraction[J].Guangzhou Chemical Industry,2011,39(10):1-4.

    • [27] 孙凤,李依林,马彦妮,等.红外光谱在文物保护中的应用介绍[J].文物保护与考古科学,2019,31(6):112-117.SUN Feng,LI Yilin,MA Yanni,et al.Introduction to the applications of infrared spectroscopy to the conservation of cultural relics[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2019,31(6):112-117.

    • [28] PAINTER P C,SNYDER R W,STARSINIC M,et al.Concerning the application of FT-IR to the study of coal:a critical assessment of band assignments and the application of spectral analysis programs[J].Applied Spectroscopy,1981,35(5):475-485.

    • [29] IGLESIAS M J,JIMENEZ A,LAGGOUN-DEFARGE F,et al.FTIR study of pure vitrains and associated coals[J].Energy & Fuels,1995,9(3):458-466.

    • [30] NGAN-TILLARD D,HUISMAN D,CORBELLA F,et al.Over the rainbow?Micro-CT scanning to non-destructively study Roman and early medieval glass bead manufacture[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2018(98):7-21.

    • [31] 董俊卿,李青会,刘松,等.合浦汉墓出土绿柱石宝石珠饰的科学分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2019,31(4):30-38.DONG Junqing,LI Qinghui,LIU Song,et al.Scientific analysis of beryl bead ornaments unearthed from Han tombs in Hepu County[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2019,31(4):30-38.

    • [32] 薛毅.关于中国古代煤炭历史研究的几个基本问题[J].中国矿业大学学报(社会科学版),2012,14(1):97-102.XUE Yi.Some fundamental issues on coal history research in ancient China[J].Journal of China University of Mining & Technology(Social Sciences),2012,14(1):97-102.

    • [33] SMITH A.Coal microscopy in the service of archaeology[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2005(62):49-59.

    • [34] SHERIDAN A,DAVIS M,CLARK I,et al.Investigating jet and jet-like artefacts from prehistoric Scotland:the National Museums of Scotland project[J].Antiquity,2002,76(293):812-825.

    • [35] 柴国生.从考古发现看河南汉代煤炭业的发展[J].中原文物,2014(6):54-60.CHAI Guosheng.Analysis on the coal industry development of the Han Dynasty in Henan Province from the archaeological findings[J].Cultural Relics of Central China,2014(6):54-60.

    • [36] 朱歌敏.宝鸡地区秦墓出土玉器初探[J].文博,2014(3):34-41.ZHU Gemin.Preliminary study on the jades unearthed from Qin tombs in Baoji[J].Relics and Museology,2014(3):34-41.

    • [37] 孙秉君,程蕊萍,陈建凌,等.陕西韩城梁带村遗址M26发掘简报[J].文物,2008(1):4-21.SUN Bingjun,CHENG Ruiping,CHEN Jianling,et al.A brief excavation report on the No.26 tomb located in Liangdai Village,Hancheng City,Shaanxi[J].Cultural Relics,2008(1):4-21.

    • [38] 鲍怡,朱勤文,辛军民,等.三门峡虢国墓地M2012墓玉器材质研究[J].中原文物,2015(1):117-121.BAO Yi,ZHU Qinwen,XIN Junmin,et al.Study on the material of jade from Tomb M2012 in Guoguo Cemetery,Sanmenxia[J].Cultural Relics of Central China,2015(1):117-121.

    • [39] 石荣传.三代至两汉玉器分期及用玉制度研究[D].济南:山东大学,2005.SHI Rongchuan.Research on the stage and use system of jade from the Three Dynasties to the Han Dynasty[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2005.

    • [40] 吴爱琴.先秦服饰制度形成研究[D].开封:河南大学,2013.WU Aiqin.The study on the formation of the clothing system and social hierarchy in the pre-Qin period[D].Kaifeng:Henan University,2013.

    • [41] 陈凤山,王瑞昌,哈达.满洲里市蘑菇山墓地发掘报告[J].草原文物,2014(2):21-35.CHEN Fengshan,WANG Ruichang,HA Da.Excavation report of the Mogushan Cemetery in Manzhouli[J].Steppe Cultural Relics,2014(2):21-35.

    • [42] 胡雪艳,梁云.扎赉诺尔墓群与蘑菇山墓群的比较研究[J].呼伦贝尔学院学报,2019,27(1):22-30.HU Xueyan,LIANG Yun.Comparative study on the tombs of Zhalainuoer and Mogushan[J].Journal of Hulunbeier University,2019,27(1):22-30.

    • [43] 李文信,徐秉琨,孙守道,等.辽阳鹅房汉代墓地1954年、1955年发掘简报[J].中国国家博物馆馆刊,2019(9):36-52.LI Wenxin,XU Bingkun,SUN Shoudao,et al.1954—1955 excavation report of the Han Tombs at Efang,Liaoyang[J].Journal of National Museum of China,2019(9):36-52.

    • [44] 姚智辉,李锋.宝丰出土汉代饰品类器物的分析[J].中原文物,2014(1):118-122.YAO Zhihui,LI Feng.Analysis of Han Dynasty ornaments unearthed in Baofeng[J].Cultural Relics of Central China,2014(1):118-122.

    • [45] 王珍仁,孙慧珍.新疆出土的肖形印介绍[J].文物,1999(3):84-91.WANG Zhenren,SUN Huizhen.An introduction to the pictorial seals unearthed in Xinjiang[J].Cultural Relics,1999(3):84-91.

    • [46] 薛世孝.古代河南人民对煤炭的开发利用[J].中州学刊,1983(5):116-120.XUE Shixiao.The exploitation and utilization of coal in ancient Henan[J].Academic Journal of Zhongzhou,1983(5):116-120.

    • [47] 《能源与节能》编辑部.煤精[J].能源与节能,2018(4):134.Energy and Energy Conservation Editorial Department.Jet[J].Energy and Energy Conservation,2018(4):134.

    • Links
    • WeChat ID
    • Mobile Terminal

    Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology ® 2026 All Rights Reserved