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作者简介:

龚欣(1994—),女,北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院硕士研究生,研究方向为文物保护,E-mail:1760265439@qq.com

通讯作者:

韩向娜,副教授,E-mail:jayna422@ustb.edu.cn

中图分类号:K86;K87;G878.8

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2021)03-0108-10

DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20190701511

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目录contents

    摘要

    丙烯酸酯类聚合物(Acrylic Polymers)材料具有成膜性、可逆性、疏水性好的优异性能,被广泛应用于文物的加固、粘接和封护等。典型的丙烯酸酯类材料如Paraloid B-72、Primal AC-33等在文物保护领域内应用时间长、范围广,但由于文物材质、保存情况不同,难以满足所有的保护要求。本研究梳理了其他非典型丙烯酸酯类文物保护材料,如Paraloid®系列B-44、B-48N、B-66、B-67;Primal®系列SF-016、B-60A、MC-76、WS-24以及其他乳液型丙烯酸材料。通过对比其基本化学成分、应用对象、方法及效果,以及使用过程中的特征及优缺点,总结了其在文物保护中的应用历史、现状及发展前景,以期为丙烯酸酯类保护材料的选择提供有益的参考。

    Abstract

    Acrylic polymers have been widely used in the consolidation, bonding and sealing of cultural relics because of their various properties, such as film formation, high reversibility and hydrophobicity. Typical acrylic polymers (e.g. Paraloid B-72 and Primal AC-33) have a long history and a wide range of application in the conservation of cultural relics. However, considering the various materials and preservation conditions of different cultural relics, it is impossible to meet all the conservation requirements using only these popular materials. This paper reviews the application of other atypical acrylic polymers, including Paraloid ® B-44, B-48N, B-66, B-67, Primal ® SF-016, B-60A, MC-76, WS-24, and other emulsion acrylic polymers, to the conservation of cultural relics. The major chemical components, properties, advantages and disadvantages of the aforementioned materials are compared with regard to their different performances, the objects they are applied to, and methods and effects of these materials. By summarizing the history and current developmental trends, more alternates for the selection of acrylate materials for conservators in the future could be provided.

  • 0 引言

  • 文物保护中使用的丙烯酸酯类聚合物(Acrylic Polymers)主要由丙烯酸酯类(Acrylate)与甲基丙烯酸酯类(Methacrylate)以及其他酯类衍生物共聚制成(图1)。由于甲基丙烯酸酯的玻璃化转变温度(T g)高于丙烯酸酯,可以通过改变单体的百分比,来制备不同性能和不同应用领域的丙烯酸树脂材料。丙烯酸树脂根据结构和成膜机理不同,可分为热塑性丙烯酸树脂和热固性丙烯酸树脂。根据分散介质不同又可分为水分散介质与非水分散介质。

  • 图1 丙烯酸酯与甲基丙烯酸酯单体单元

  • Fig.1 Monomer units of acrylate and methacrylate

  • 丙烯酸酯类材料具有良好的成膜性、疏水性、附着力、透明性和部分可再处理性。在长时间光照、温湿度变化环境中的稳定性都较好,发明后没多久就受到了文物工作者的青睐。最早用于文物保护领域的丙烯酸酯类材料是发明于20世纪30年代初的Lucite44和Lucite45(现更名为Elvacite2044和Elvacite2045),其主要成分是聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯(p-BMA),曾作为油画的清漆被美国福格艺术博物馆所使用[1]。但后来研究发现,p-BMA在光氧化后,其分子链会发生交联,因此不适宜作为长期的保护材料所使用[2-3]

  • Paraloid B-72(Rohm&Haas公司)是目前世界上使用最广泛的丙烯酸酯类材料,Feller在1976年研究发现Paraloid B-72长时间暴露在室外环境中没有明显的降解[4]。B-72具有可逆性较高,耐候性、耐水性、黏结性好等特点,逐渐被广泛应用于陶器[5]、石质[6]、漆器[7]、金属[8]、象牙[9]、玻璃[10-11]、丝织品[12]等不同材质文物的保护中。Primal(Rhoplex) AC-33(Rohm& Haas公司)是乳液型丙烯酸酯类材料中应用最广泛的材料之一。AC-33首次出现是在1953年作为涂料与颜料的成分之一,由于柔韧性好、颜色变化小、渗透性好,很快被大量应用于保护壁画[13-14],骨质[15]、彩绘[16-17]、纺织品[18]、纸张[19]和木质[20]等不同材质的文物。但是经过近半个世纪的使用,这两种丙烯酸酯类材料逐渐暴露了出各种各样的问题。例如B-72对石质文物的渗透性较差[21-22],在紫外线等环境下发生会交联,致其可逆性降低;使用范围过于广泛,缺乏标准的施用方法指导[23-24]。在壁画中使用的AC-33随时间推移发生了开裂、剥落等劣化现象,自2003年以来也逐渐开始停产。事实上,除了B-72和AC-33这两种热门产品,制造商陆续开发了其他性能各异的丙烯酸类产品,以满足文物保护中的不同需求。这些非典型的丙烯酸酯类材料有些是作为停产的AC33的代替品,有些是B72的候补材料,在文物保护领域也有一席之地。

  • 以下综述了目前国内外文物保护中的3类非典型的丙烯酸酯类材料。1)溶剂型丙烯酸材料Paraloid系列:Paraloid B-67、Paraloid B-44、Paraloid B-48;2)乳液型丙烯酸材料Primal系列:Primal SF-016、Primal B-60A、Primal WS-24、Rhoplex MC-76;3)其他材料:Plextol B500、拉斯考克斯加固剂、硅丙乳液。对不同系列的丙烯酸材料的基本性能、成膜机理及其文物保护中的应用案例进行总结,尽量理清这些商品材料的成分、主要用途、使用文物对象以及存在问题。本研究希望能够扩大丙烯酸酯类材料的选择范围,为科学选择保护修复材料提供依据。

  • 1 Paraloid系列

  • Paraloid系列产品是溶剂型丙烯酸树脂,呈透明颗粒状,结构多为直链或有较短支链的长链。使用溶剂型丙烯酸树脂时首先需要将其溶于有机溶剂中,当溶剂蒸发后,聚合物分子链之间重新紧密接触,建立了新的次级键之后逐渐固化[25]。当固化之后再次接触溶剂时,聚合物分子链可以再次解开分离并形成液体,这种固化机理使其具有一定的可逆性。以下对Paraloid系列产品进行详细介绍(表1)。

  • 表1 ParaloidTM系列产品基本性能

  • Table1 Basic performances of the ParaloidTM series

  • 注:数据来源为陶氏化学公司商品信息(2017)。表中,MMA=Methyl Methacrylate(甲基丙烯酸甲酯), EA=Ethyl Acrylate(丙烯酸乙酯),BA=Butyl Acrylate(丙烯酸丁酯),MA=Methyl Acrylate(丙烯酸甲酯),BMA=Butyl Methacrylate(甲基丙烯酸丁酯),EMA=Ethylene Methacrylate(甲基丙烯酸乙酯)。测试黏度所用溶剂除B-67外都为甲苯,B-67测试黏度所用溶剂:石油醚/二甲苯=90/10。

  • 1.1 Paraloid B-67(Acryloid B-67)

  • Paraloid B-67主要成分为甲基丙烯酸异丁酯均聚物(piBMA),T`g为50℃。其涂层与B-72一样较为坚硬,可以快速干燥,具有良好的光泽,在Paraloid树脂系列中防水性较强,适合作为封护材料。B-67最早被用做油墨、涂料以及建筑石膏的加固剂[26],20世纪60年代后被用于石质[27]、陶器[28]、金属[29]、玻璃[30]、化石[31]、皮革[32]等文物的保护(表2)。

  • 随着应用范围以及案例的增加,B-67在保护修复中逐渐主要作为封护剂来减少文物与光照、水、氧气以及其他空气中污染物的直接接触。马立治[33]曾研制了一种封护剂,其中含有B-67(5%)、B-38(2%)、B-72(3%),具有良好的抗腐蚀性能。意大利的Favaron等对B-67与B-72光老化之后的性能进行了研究[23];通过模拟室外石质文物的环境,发现随着光照时间的增长,B-72与B-67的摩尔质量均有下降,且保护性能与可逆性有所下降。Chiantore等也监测了B-66与B-67光照老化前后分子结构的变化[34];在对其红外光谱分析后发现,B-67分子的稳定性受到侧链上的的氢原子氧化的影响,可能产生交联。老化B-67的去除方法主要包括凝胶清洗[35]、蒸汽清洗[36]以及溶剂清洗[37]等方法。

  • 表2 Paraloid B-67的典型应用案例

  • Table2 Typical application cases for Paraloid B-67

  • 1.2 Paraloid B-44

  • Paraloid B-44由甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和丙烯酸乙酯(EA)共聚组成,T g为60℃,高于其他同系列树脂,在常温下硬度更大。有研究表明B-44的pH在长时间的老化过程中比B-72更加稳定[38],但在高湿度条件下可能发生溶胀的现象[39]。B-44最初在20世纪60年代是国际铜研究协会(INCRA)所研发的户外青铜雕塑的专用保护材料[40]Incralac® 的主要成分之一,通常与不同的缓蚀剂混合如咪唑类、苯并三唑类缓蚀剂(BTA)应用于青铜等金属材质文物的保护(表3)。

  • 表3 Incralac® 主要成分[41]

  • Table3 Main ingredients of Incralac® [41]

  • 注:配方1系Chase Brass& Copper Co开发。配方2系由BNFMRA公司开发。 ESBO即Paraplex G-60,HallStar生产,一种高分子量大豆油环氧化物,增塑剂,可在聚氯乙烯聚合物,硝化纤维漆和氯化橡胶化合物中提供有效的热稳定性和光稳定性。

  • 但一些其他研究也表明Incralac® 的通常寿命只有3~5年,之后需要除去并更换旧的涂层[40]。美国芝加哥的一座户外青铜雕塑曾在1997和2003年都使用Incralac® 进行过封护[42],在2008年发现该雕塑腐蚀严重,涂层变白。Tadeja等[43]对B-44的保护机理及性能进一步研究发现,在模拟城市降水环境下比较B-44与不同封护剂混合后的保护效果[44]发现苯并三唑与B-44配合使用时抗腐蚀效果较好, Ćurković也得出了相似的结论[45],Natasja使用电化学阻抗法研究了B-44的成膜机理,发现在高湿环境下,B-44比其他乳液型丙烯酸类保护材料性能更加稳定,防护效果较好[46]

  • 1.3 Paraloid B-48N(Acryloid B-48N)

  • Paraloid B-48N是甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)的共聚物,T g是50℃,在常温下比B-72更硬,与金属有更好地粘附性,主要用于石质、金属(银、铜、青铜)(表4)的粘结[47]与封护[48]

  • 20 世纪90年代美国温特图尔博物馆[49]在对其馆藏银器进行封护时曾使用B-48N和B-72。González等对出水金属文物进行除氯之后使用5%的B-48N甲苯溶液真空封护[50]。Švadlena和Stoulil使用电化学阻抗谱和电阻法,比较了B-72和B-48N涂层在铜基板上对水的渗透性;结果表明在含有乙酸的环境中B-48N具有更好的保护性能[51]。Jorjani等比较了B-48N、B-72、B-72/B-48N(3/1)的黏接机理[47],发现B-48N断裂模型为从表面断裂而非黏接剂内部,并建立了测定大理石黏合剂黏接性能的一般性测试方法。

  • 表4 Paraloid B-48N典型应用案例

  • Table4 Typical application cases for Paraloid B-48N

  • 2 Primal系列

  • Primal系列是乳液型丙烯酸酯类材料,即丙烯酸酯聚合物在水中的分散体,由丙烯酸单体通过乳液聚合所得,包含水、单体、引发剂和表面活性剂四个组分。其中表面活性剂分子能够与丙烯酸酯和水两相相互作用,形成稳定体系。乳液通常呈乳白色或蓝白色,固体含量在20%~50%,具有成膜光亮、柔韧、黏合性强等特点[52]。在实际应用中一般将Primal乳液与去离子水配比使用,固化时间比溶剂型丙烯酸酯长。

  • 乳液型丙烯酸树脂固化成膜机理主要分为三个阶段[53]:首先聚合物乳液中的水分逐渐挥发,乳液聚合物颗粒堆积紧密,水以及水溶性物质充满了聚合物颗粒的空隙中。随着水分不断挥发,聚合物颗粒之间的空隙越来越小,直到形成微小的毛细管;毛细管作用使得聚合物颗粒挤压变形,成为斜方形十二面体,颗粒间的界面消失。最后聚合物链段相互扩散开,形成连续的聚合物涂膜(图2)。

  • 在文物保护中使用最广泛的乳液型丙烯酸酯类材料主要是Primal系列(在美国称为Rhoplex),主要包括以下5种Primal系列的产品(表5)。

  • 图2 乳液型丙烯酸树脂成膜机理

  • Fig.2 Film formation mechanism of emulsion acrylic polymers

  • 表5 Primal(Rhoplex)TM系列产品基本性能

  • Table5 Basic performances of the Primal(Rhoplex)TM series产品名称Primal

  • 注:信息来自The Conservation and Art Materials Encyclopedia Online(CAMEO)。表中,MMA=Methyl Methacrylate(甲基丙烯酸甲酯), EA=Ethyl Acrylate(丙烯酸乙酯),BA=Butyl Acrylate(丙烯酸丁酯),MA=Methyl Acrylate(丙烯酸甲酯),BMA=Butyl Methacrylate(甲基丙烯酸丁酯),EMA=Ethylene Methacrylate(甲基丙烯酸乙酯)。

  • 2.1 Primal B-60A(Rhoplex B-60A)

  • Primal B-60A是Primal AC-33的替代品,最低成膜温度为9℃。B-60A老化后的耐用性和柔韧性较好,具有一定的冻融稳定性。B-60A面世之后最早用于建筑材料的加固,近年来才开始应用于石质文物[54]、壁画[55-56]、漆器[57]的保护修复中(表6)。

  • Healey-Dilkes报道了一座意大利文艺复兴时期石碑拆除异地保护中[58],使用10%的Primal B-60A水溶液用于加固,减缓了水分的渗入。而经过对孔隙率,吸水率等性能测试之后发现,当B-60A浓度超过30%时会堵塞砖石内部的孔隙,因此高浓度的B-60A不适宜作为石质文物的渗透加固材料。杨蕊对邯郸湾漳北朝墓葬壁画脆弱部位加固保护中,使用了25%~40%B-60A水溶液与沙子、熟石灰混合后对起翘和空缺部位进行填充粘合[59]。B-60A也适用于保护北方出土的脆弱漆木器,唐小红等成功地使用PEG400与B-60A联用对宁夏姚河塬遗址出土的漆耳杯进行加固保护[57]。B-60A的老化性能也有报道,Cocca[60]通过比较B-60A光老化250h前后的红外峰值、T g的变化,判断B-60A在老化过程中发生了交联。

  • 表6 Primal B-60A典型应用案例

  • Table6 Typical application cases for Primal B-60A

  • 2.2 Primal SF-016

  • Primal SF-016是罗门哈斯公司建议的另一种代替Primal AC-33产品,T g为4~5℃,最初是涂料的成分之一,在文化遗产领域中主要用于加固壁画[61]、陶器[62]、彩绘[63]等较疏松多孔文物的加固保护(表7)。

  • SF-016在1985年希腊德尔斐的考古发掘中曾用于发掘现场的临时加固[64]。盖蒂保护所在测试用于保护建筑物的石灰水泥浆的性能及配方时,发现使用含有SF-016的配方比含有B-60A的配方干燥后收缩更明显,裂纹更大[65]。杨蕊在对洛阳发掘的北宋壁画进行揭取保护时,使用SF-016渗透加固壁画的背面以及地仗层,渗透加固效果较好[61]。魏璐发现SF-016用于加固榆林地区馆藏的汉代彩绘陶器时,色泽稳定、颜料与文物结合牢固[62]。卢燕玲在保护明代加彩木雕时,选择SF-016作为渗透加固材料,加固效果较为理想[66]。在秦俑彩绘残片的加固中,也使用了3%~10%的SF-016水溶液进行梯度式整体渗透加固,效果明显[63]。SF016作为疏松脆弱质文物与彩绘颜料的加固剂的已经得到较多的实践应用。

  • 表7 Primal SF-016典型应用案例

  • Table7 Typical application cases for Primal SF-016

  • 2.3 Rhoplex MC-76

  • Rhoplex MC-76是丙烯酸丁酯与甲基丙烯酸甲酯的共聚物,最低成膜温度为10~12℃。MC-76原本主要用来对水泥灰浆进行改性以及作为外墙的涂料,增强其拉伸强度与弯曲强度,对混凝土、砖石、砖、木材、金属等材料表面具有良好粘附性、耐化学性,最初用于大理石建筑的保护工程中[67]

  • MC-76的渗透性、强度、柔韧性较好,在国内主要应用于彩绘陶质文物的渗透加固与彩绘层的固结。秦俑保护人员在对彩绘回帖与陶胎加固研究中多次使用MC-76作为加固材料(表8)。2014年在秦俑一号坑出土的兵马俑修复中,保护人员使用Rhoplex MC-76对小面积酥粉或起翘彩绘进行点涂加固[68],之后又将MC-76与PEG 200复配(30%PEG 200 + 5%MC-76)用于一件军吏俑的保护修复[69]。MC-76在彩绘类文物的粘接及加固应用中已经得到广泛应用,效果良好。

  • 表8 Rhoplex MC-76典型应用案例

  • Table8 Typical application cases for Rhoplex MC-76

  • 2.4 Primal WS-24(Rhoplex WS-24)

  • Primal WS-24外观为半透明,乳白色液体,最低成膜温度小于10℃,T g为46℃,较其他乳液型丙烯酸材料高、硬度高,防水性较好,最初多用于考古出土骨骼[70]和古生物化石[71]的现场临时加固,但之后也有学者发现WS-24可能对骨骼中DNA序列的检测有一定的影响[72]

  • WS-24在20世纪80年代已经在希腊与意大利被用作骨质文物的加固剂,在较长的时间内没有明显的老化[73]。大英博物馆在对其馆藏的琥珀珠进行加固时,测试了包括WS-24在内的多种材料,老化前后的色差、红外光谱的差异、可逆率等性能[74],发现WS-24更加适合对考古发掘现场潮湿环境下的琥珀进行现场加固。WS-24还被用于木质文物保护,美国历史与艺术保护研究所(AIC)2004年在对一座埃及木乃伊的棺木进行加固时[75],对于较为脆弱的部分首先用5%B-72进行预加固,然后用WS-24(1∶2水溶液)对脆弱的碎片进行回帖加固,取得良好的效果。由于WS-24为水溶型,使用较为安全,同时具有与B-72同样优秀的成膜性,也有保护人员将其用于高含水量(20%~90%)动物骨骼化石的加固保护,效果较为理想[76],因此Primal WS-24有望成为适用于饱水类文物保护的丙烯酸材料(表9)。

  • 表9 Primal WS-24典型应用案例

  • Table9 Typical application cases for Primal WS-24

  • 3 其他材料

  • 另有几种乳液型丙烯酸材料也有报道,如Plextol B-500、拉斯考克斯加固剂(Lascaux)、硅丙乳液。

  • 1)Plextol B500。罗门哈斯公司生产,丙烯酸乙酯(EA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和甲基丙烯酸乙酯(EMA)的共聚物的水分散体,pH值为95,是一种中等黏度的材料。Plextol B500的加速老化实验表明其可逆性较大,但如果暴露在紫外线下或经受热老化会变色[77]。2006年新南威尔士州美术馆曾使用Plextol B500来修复一件文物的镀金表面[78],发现修复后表面炫光较少,修复效果良好。

  • 2)拉斯考克斯加固剂(Lascaux Medium for Consolidation,LMC)。这是一种具有出色渗透能力的丙烯酸分散体,固含量约为25%,最低成膜温度约为4℃。LMC是由Lascaux Colours& Restauro公司与瑞典遗产委员会共同开发的[79],是一种黏度较低,具有优良的渗透能力的加固剂。LMC能够有效地加固松散的油漆层,主要用于加固彩绘木质文物[80],现在已经被用于瑞典的许多文物修复实践中。

  • 3)硅丙乳液(Silicone Acrylic Emulsion)。这是由有机硅与丙烯酸树脂改性制成,在减弱丙烯酸树脂的部分缺陷同时提高了耐候性。周双林等制备了一种有机硅改性丙烯酸树脂材料[81],并将这种材料成功用于辽宁凌源牛河梁红山文化遗址的加固保护。敦煌研究院采用纯丙乳液和硅丙乳液修复起甲壁画,也取得不错的效果[82];苏伯民等筛选了改性有机硅丙烯酸乳液作为西藏布达拉宫等处起甲壁画的修复材料[83],取得了较好的加固效果。

  • 4 结论

  • 丙烯酸酯类材料是国内外文物保护中广泛使用的一类保护材料,以Paraloid系列和Primal系列为代表。Paraloid系列是溶剂型丙烯酸树脂,固化时间短,Primal系列是乳液型丙烯酸,固化较慢。Paraloid系列中大部分材料的玻璃化转变温度(T g)高于Primal系列,而T g会直接影响材料在特定温度下的力学性能,因此在室温下(25℃),例如博物馆或文物库房中,Paraloid系列表现为玻璃态,材料硬度偏大、机械强度高,因此B-44,B-48N等主要用于金属、彩绘、陶器、石质等文物的保护;Primal系列T g偏低,在室温下通常处于高弹态,其柔韧性和渗透性能表现较好,所以B60A,SF016等主要应用在彩绘、壁画等疏松状态文物的渗透加固中。不可否认的是,这些有机合成高分子材料随时间推移性能均会发生一定程度的劣化,经过化学降解、光氧化反应,材料会出现发黄、变硬、难以去除等问题。但当必须选择并使用这些材料时,文物保护人员可以针对所待修复文物的材质及病害的独特性,提炼出核心的保护需求及性能指标,设计更加精确、量化的评价方法,对Paraloid B-72、Primal AC-33以及其他常用非典型丙烯酸酯类保护材料进行科学评价和老化性能测试,最终综合对比甄选出性能最佳、最适宜所施用文物对象的保护材料及使用方法。

  • 现用的众多文物保护商业产品最初都并非专门为文物保护设计,而是从涂料、黏胶剂行业的商品材料中逐渐发展而来。除了Paraloid B-72、Primal AC-33外,多数产品较为小众,知名度低,许多并未在国内大量应用。本文初步梳理了这些非典型丙烯酸酯类材料在文物保护领域的文献报道,通过对比这些材料性能及应用方向的优缺点与侧重点,方便未来文物修复人员在实际使用中可以依据这些材料的特点,快速粗选适用于不同文物的保护材料。但是具体针对文物对象进行应用时,还需进行细致深入的专门研究。

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