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出土饱水云南松的超微构造特征

  • 李光浩1

    机 构：

    1. 全南国立大学,韩国光州 61991

    ×
  • ， 高景然2

    机 构：

    2. 西南林业大学,云南昆明 650224

    ×
  • ， 邱冬妮3

    机 构：

    3. 高丽大学,韩国首尔 02841

    ×
  • ， 蔡美英4

    机 构：

    4. 韩国国家海洋文化遗产研究所水下发掘与保护处,韩国木浦 58699

    ×
  • ， 邱坚2

    机 构：

    2. 西南林业大学,云南昆明 650224

    ×
  • ， 金润授1

    机 构：

    1. 全南国立大学,韩国光州 61991

    ×

1. 全南国立大学,韩国光州 61991；
2. 西南林业大学,云南昆明 650224；
3. 高丽大学,韩国首尔 02841；
4. 韩国国家海洋文化遗产研究所水下发掘与保护处,韩国木浦 58699；

Ultrastructural characteristics of archaeological Yunnan pine buried in a waterlogged environment

  • LEE Kwang Ho1

    Affiliation：

    1. Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61991, Korea

    ×
  • ， GAO Jingran2

    Affiliation：

    2. Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224 , China

    ×
  • ， QIU Dongni3

    Affiliation：

    3. Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea

    ×
  • ， CHA Mi Young4

    Affiliation：

    4. Underwater Excavation & Conservation Division, National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, Mokpo 58699, Korea

    ×
  • ， QIU Jian2

    Affiliation：

    2. Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224 , China

    ×
  • ， KIM Yoon Soo1

    Affiliation：

    1. Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61991, Korea

    ×

1. Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61991, Korea；
2. Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224 , China；
3. Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea；
4. Underwater Excavation & Conservation Division, National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, Mokpo 58699, Korea；

作者简介:

李光浩(1973—),男,2012年博士毕业于全南国立大学,研究员,研究方向为植物与微生物超微结构研究,E-mail:woodlkh@naver.com

通讯作者:

金润授,男,博士,全南国立大学,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:kimys@jnu.ac.kr

中图分类号:K878.3;S781.7

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2021)02-0068-06

DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20190301430

参考文献 1
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参考文献 12
COLOMBINI M P,UCEJKO J J,MODUGNO F,et al.A multi-analytical study of degradation of lignin in archaeological waterlogged wood[J].Talanta,2009,80(1):61-70.
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PASSIALI S,COSTAS N.Physico-chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological wood[J].Holzforschung-International Journal of the Biology,Chemistry,Physics and Technology of Wood,2009,51(2):111-113.
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目录contents

    摘要

    对云南剑川县出土的木质文物进行了研究,从超微结构层面更深入地解析了饱水古木的降解情况。出土的云南松(Pinus yunnansis)古木在饱水环境中淹埋了4000多年。降解主要发生在晚材管胞,而且降解在晚材部分并不均匀:一些未降解的完好管胞分布在降解严重的管胞中。透射电镜观察显示:降解从S1/S2和S2/S3的界面开始;对于一些降解较严重的管胞,到腐朽后期细胞次生壁全部发生降解,只留下复合胞间层;细菌侵蚀是云南松饱水古木降解的主要原因。固体核磁共振结果表明:纤维素和半纤维素降解严重,木质素也出现了一定程度的降解。本研究可为其后续的加固保护提供科学的参考依据。

    Abstract

    Wooden artifacts excavated at Jianchuan County in Yunnan Province, China, were investigated to better understand the degradation aspects of waterlogged archaeological woods. Excavated Yunnan pines (Pinus yunnanensis) have been deposited in the mud soil for more than 4,000 years. Degradation occurred mainly to latewood tracheids but degradation in latewood was not uniform: intact tracheids were also present among the severely degraded ones. The results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that 1) degradation started at the interface between S1/S2 and S2/S3 layers; 2) secondary cell wall layers were all degraded in the advanced stage of decay, leaving only compound middle lamella; 3) erosion bacteria were found be responsible for degradation of waterlogged archaeological Yunnan pines. However, soft rot cavities were not found in these samples. Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data coincided with degradation patterns, showing the preferential degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses, whereas lignin polymer showed resistance. Degradation patterns of the waterlogged archaeological Yunnan pines were similar to those of the wooden artifacts which were excavated from wet environments.

  • 0 引言

  • 淹埋饱水古木的研究始于20世纪80年代,主要是对饱水古木的解剖构造、物理性质、化学性质等进行研究[1-5]。在饱水环境中,细菌和软腐真菌是古木降解的主要因素[6-9]。前人的化学分析表明:在近乎无氧的环境,木质素表现出很强的抗腐蚀性,而结构多糖(如纤维素和半纤维素)降解严重[10-14]。最近的研究表明:非生物因素也会影响木质素的降解,只是和生物因素相比,非生物因素的影响相对较小。饱水古木降解机理分析可为其后续的加固保护提供科学的参考依据[15-16]。

  • 2008年,在中国云南省海门口考古遗址发现了一个面积约为20 000m2的古代村落,遗址出土了大量的木桩柱(盖房子用的木桩、木柱)。这些木器被淹埋在距离地面约1m的泥土中。考古研究表明该遗址从新石器时代晚期持续到青铜器时代晚期。碳年代测定表明,这些古木大约在3 000至5 300年前之间[17]。

  • 前期的工作显示,该遗址出土的树种绝大多数确定为云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)[18]。云南松树被认为是亚热带松树的代表树种之一[19]。在此之前根据生长轮模式,样品曾被认为是思茅松(Pinus kesiya)。两种松树除了导管尺寸不同外,具有相同的解剖特征[20]。云南松的管胞尺寸(平均37 μm)比思茅松(平均52 μm)小[21]。从海门口遗址出土的样品导管直径和云南松更接近。用于显微构造观察样品的管胞尺寸都在40 μm以下。

  • 本工作旨在研究沉积在泥土里4 000多年的饱水古木的解剖构造和化学变化。利用电子显微镜和固体核磁共振技术,在超微结构水平上更深层次地分析这些饱水古木的降解机理,为后续的加固保护提供合理的科学依据。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 饱水古木的情况

  • 海门口遗址位于中国云南省剑川县,海拔2 190m以上,属典型的干湿交替亚热带季风气候。该遗址经历了新石器时代晚期和青铜器时代晚期的不同沉积阶段。

  • 2008年进行对该遗址的第三次发掘,发掘面积约20 000m2,出土了很多饱水古木。碳年代分析表明,这些饱水古木可以追溯到3 000至5 300年前[17]。饱水古木是从距地表约1m左右的淤泥中挖掘出来的。从遗址现场采集3根相对典型的样本(体积中等,腐朽程度中等)。将3根木柱(直径约20cm)储存在装满自来水的水箱中。从距离其外部5cm和10cm处分别收集小片木材。透射电镜试样尺寸为2mm×2mm×6mm;扫描电镜试样尺寸为5mm×5mm×5mm;光学显微镜试样尺寸为1cm×1cm×1cm;固体核磁共振试样为60~80目的粉末。

  • 1.2 微观观察

  • 1.2.1 透射电镜实验步骤

  • 1)用缓冲液(4%二甲胂酸钠溶液200mL+0.1mol/L盐酸溶液336mL)清洗试样3次,每次20min,环境温度4℃;2)用2%锇酸溶液在室温下浸泡试样2h;3)再用上述缓冲液清洗试样3次,每次20min,环境温度4℃;4)乙醇溶液梯度脱水:分别用25%、50%、75%、95%乙醇溶液对试样逐级梯度脱水,每个级别30min。最后将试样置于100%乙醇中过夜;5)将样品用混合树脂包埋、固化;6)用金刚石刀切割超薄切片,采用透射电镜(日本电子株式会社JEOL生产,型号规格:JEM-1400)观察超薄切片。

  • 1.2.2 扫描电镜实验步骤

  • 1)试样固定:参照透射电镜实验步骤1)~3);2)乙醇逐级梯度脱水:分别用25%、50%、75%、95%乙醇溶液对试样进行梯度脱水,每次30min;3)置换乙醇:将试样在乙醇叔丁醇溶液(95%乙醇∶叔丁醇=1∶1)中浸泡1h。然后将试样置于100%叔丁醇中浸泡1h(反复3次);4)将样品进行冷冻干燥;5)将试样进行喷金处理,用扫描电镜(日立日立公司生产,型号S-3000N)观察。

  • 1.2.3 光学显微镜实验步骤

  • 1)试样固定、脱水及包埋:参照透射电镜实验步骤;2)用切片机切片后清洗,用甲苯胺蓝染色,封片;3)用光学显微镜(Olympus BX50)对切片进行观察。

  • 1.3 固体核磁共振

  • 先将样品用Wiley研磨器研磨成60~80目的粉末。用苯-乙醇溶液(苯∶乙醇=1∶3)溶液在索氏抽提器中抽提7h,然后冷冻干燥。Bruker Avance400FT-NMR光谱仪在100.62MHz下工作,所有样品旋转速度均为13kHZ,13C CPMAS实验采用1ms接触时间、17.1ms采集时间和5s弛豫延迟进行测量。

  • 2 结果和讨论

  • 2.1 云南松饱水古木超微观构造特性

  • 光学显微镜观察显示:早材和晚材管胞都发生了降解。管胞降解不均匀;在降解严重的管胞群中有完整的管胞。降解主要发生在S2层并留下了S3层的痕迹(图1b)。和管胞相比薄壁细胞和射线细胞保存相对完整,这种降解阻力可归因于射线细胞中木质素浓度高[25]。真菌菌丝主要存在于树脂道周围的泌脂细胞中(图1a)。

  • 图1 光学显微镜观察

  • Fig.1 Light microscopic observation

  • 扫描电镜和透射电镜的观察显示:真菌菌丝存在于细胞腔,不存在于细胞壁(图2b白色箭头所示为真菌菌丝)。说明真菌菌丝并没有直接参与细胞的降解。图2为通过纹孔移动的真菌菌丝。由于真菌相对于细菌对氧气的需求量较大,因此上述真菌菌丝极有可能是开挖后感染所致。

  • 图2 云南松饱水古木种的真菌菌丝

  • Fig.2 Fungal hyphae in the waterlogged archaeological Yunnan pine

  • 通过TEM观察发现:降解主要发生在S2层且并不均匀,完整的管胞(图3a白色箭头所示)分布在降解严重的管胞(图3a黑色箭头所示)中间。这和光学显微镜的观察结果是一致的。TEM观察还发现:在S2层,降解沿S1/S2与S2/S3界面开始发生(图3b黑色箭头所示),同时S2层中间部分缓慢降解,最终导致细胞壁与胞间层分开(图4)。界面的优先降解可以归因于半纤维素和纤维素在S1/S2和S2/S3界面上的含量不同[22]。

  • S2层降解严重,但S3层相对完好,S1层的降解程度相对最小,基本保存完整(图3b)。到了降解后期,全部的细胞次生壁都发生了降解只剩下胞间层(图4)。在整个降解过程中,胞间层都保持完整。

  • 图3 透射电镜观察

  • Fig.3 TEM observations

  • 图4 S2层与复合胞间层的分离

  • Fig.4 Separation of S2layer from the compound middle lamella

  • 由于纹孔(图3a)和瘤层(图3b白色箭头所示)中木质素的含量较高[26],尽管周围的细胞次生壁都已降解,但它们仍表现出相对完整的状态。在某些情况下,细胞胞间层的角落(图5c白色箭头所示)和纹孔膜(图5a)呈现不完整区域表明局部木质素降解。总的来说,饱水云南松降解顺序如下:首先是S1/S2和S3/S2的交接界面;然后是S2层;最后是S3层和S1层;胞间层是整个细胞中最不容易发生降解的区域。

  • 细菌是云南松降解的主要因素。一些细菌直接穿透S3层,在细胞壁内发现了大量的侵蚀槽(图3b)。细菌形态主要以球状(图5b)为主。

  • 图5 细胞中的细菌和细菌降解痕迹

  • Fig.5 Bacteria and signs of bacterial erosion in cells

  • 在海门口遗址饱水古木中没有观察到软腐孔洞,这是在很多饱水古木中都能观察到的。不同生态和地质条件对饱水古木中微生物生态起着重要作用。本研究中的饱水古木在发掘后仍处于无氧的饱水环境中,这是其未发现软腐痕迹的主要原因。

  • 2.2 固相核磁共振显示的云南松饱水古木化学特性

  • 与云南松现代材相比,云南松WAW(Water Archaeological Wood,饱水古木)核磁共振波谱信号强度有显著差异。云南松WAW纤维素(60×10-6~110×10-6)处信号强度明显降低。固相核磁共振光谱显示,云南松WAW纤维素在64×10-6、75×10-6和106×10-6处的信号明显减少或消失。和云南松健康材相比,云南松WAW样品靠近外部处在75×10-6处的纤维素信号强度减少了一半多。云南松WAW最外层样品在75×10-6处没有峰出现,说明了纤维素降解严重。在发现纤维素降解的同时,还发现了半纤维素的降解。由于在固相NMR谱中,半纤维素的信号在60×10-6~110×10-6范围内,会受到更强的纤维素信号的阻碍,因此需要通过其他分析手段来分析阐明半纤维素降解的程度。

  • 和结构多糖相比,云南松WAW中的木质素芳香碳环信号强度明显高于现代云南松。木质素甲氧基碳(56×10-6)和木质素羟基碳(114,134,148×10-6)的信号显著增加。对木材的I56/I148比值进行了半定量的S/G比值估算。云南松WAW样品内部和外部I56/I148比值分别为1.58和1.24,说明长期浸水环境下芳香-OH基团向芳香-OCH3基团的转化,部分丁香酚基木质素发生了降解。虽然NMR光谱显示丁香酚基木质素发生了部分降解,但是和其它多糖类物质相比,木质素在饱水环境中更能抵抗细菌侵蚀。

  • 图6 云南松古木和现代健康材固体核磁共振13C谱图

  • Fig.6 Solid state NMR 13C spectra of Yunnan pine archaeological wood and modern health wood

  • 3 结论

  • 云南松WAW样品在饱水环境中淹埋4 000多年。其晚材降解不均匀,完好的细胞混在降解严重的细胞中间。透射电镜(TEM)显示:降解开始于S1/S2与S2/S3层的界面,并向S2层移动;在细胞降解后期,所有的细胞次生壁层均被降解,只留下复合胞间层。云南松WAW细胞内壁的瘤状突起相对比较耐细菌降解。在云南松WAW中没有发现软腐的痕迹,细菌是其降解的主要原因。通过固体核磁共振实验发现纤维素、半纤维素等结构多糖优先降解。木质素对细菌降解表现出了相对更高的抵抗性,但木质素也发生了一定程度的降解。云南松WAW的降解模式与前人研究淹埋环境出土的饱水古木基本相似(除了未发现真菌软腐痕迹)[3-4,6-7,15,23-24]。本研究可为其后续的加固保护提供科学的参考依据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LESZEK B,DOROTA I M,BOGUSAWA W.Evaluation of the state of preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood based on its physical properties:basic density vs.wood substance density[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2014,46:372-383.

    • [2] HEDGES J I.The chemistry of archaeological wood[J].Advances in Chemistry Series,1990:111-140.

    • [3] KIM B Y S.Chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological wood[J].Holzforschung,1990,44(3):169-172.

    • [4] BJÖRDAL C G.Microbial degradation of waterlogged archaeological wood[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2012,13(3):118-122.

    • [5] SINGH A P.A review of microbial decay types found in wooden objects of cultural heritage recovered from buried and waterlogged environments[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2012,13(3):16-20.

    • [6] CHA M Y,LEE K H,KIM Y S.Micromorphological and chemical aspects of archaeological bamboos under long-term waterlogged condition[J].International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation,2014,86:115-121.

    • [7] SINGH A P.Ultrastructural aspects of bacterial attacks of a submerged ancient wood[J].Mokuzai Gakkaishi,1994,40:554-562.

    • [8] KIM Y S,SINGH A P,NILSSON T.Bacteria as important degraders in waterlogged archaeological woods[J].Holzforschung-International Journal of the Biology,Chemistry,Physics and Technology of Wood,2009,50(5):389-392.

    • [9] PEDERSEN N B,GIERLINGER N,THYGESEN L G.Bacterial and abiotic decay in waterlogged archaeological Picea abies(L.)Karst studied by confocal Raman imaging and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy[J].Holzforschung,2015,69(1):103-112.

    • [10] BARDET M,GERBAUD G,GIFFARD M,et al.13C high-resolution solid-state NMR for structural elucidation of archaeological woods[J].Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,2009,55(3):199-214.

    • [11] CAPRETTI C,MACCHIONI N,PIZZO B,et al.The characterization of waterlogged archaeological wood:the three Roman ships found in Naples(Italy)*[J].Archaeometry,2008,50(5):855-876.

    • [12] COLOMBINI M P,UCEJKO J J,MODUGNO F,et al.A multi-analytical study of degradation of lignin in archaeological waterlogged wood[J].Talanta,2009,80(1):61-70.

    • [13] UCEJKO J J,MODUGNO F,RIBECHINI E,et al.Characterisation of archaeological waterlogged wood by pyrolytic and mass spectrometric techniques[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2009,654(1):26-34.

    • [14] PASSIALI S,COSTAS N.Physico-chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological wood[J].Holzforschung-International Journal of the Biology,Chemistry,Physics and Technology of Wood,2009,51(2):111-113.

    • [15] HOFFMANN P A,SINGH A,KIM S Y,et al.The Bremen cog of 1380:an electron microscopic study of its degraded wood before and after stabilization with PEG[J].Holzforschung,2004,58(3):211-218.

    • [16] UNGER A,SCHNIEWIND A P,UNGER W.Conservation of wood artifacts[M].Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer,2001.

    • [17] 闵锐.云南剑川县海门口遗址[J].考古,2009(7):18-23,2,104.MIN Rui.The Haimen Site in Jianchuan County,Yunnan Province[J].Archaeology,2009(7):18-23,2,104.

    • [18] 高景然.海门口遗址饱水木质文物腐朽机制研究与加固保护应用[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2015.GAO Jingran.Study on the decay mechanism of waterborne wooden cultural relics in Haimen Site and application of reinforcement and protection[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2015.

    • [19] WANG B S,MAO J F,ZHAO W,et al.Impact of geography and climate on the genetic differentiation of the subtropical pine Pinus yunnanensis[J].PLoS One,2013,8(6):e67345.

    • [20] 邱坚,伍建玲,罗蓓,等.中国西南木质文物的微观研究及加固处理[C]//北京粘接学会.北京粘接学会第二十三届学术年会暨粘接剂、密封剂技术发展研讨会论文集.北京:北京粘接学会,2014:1.QIU Jian,WU Jianling,LUO Bei,et al.Microscopic study and reinforcement treatment of wooden cultural relics in southwest China[C]//Beijing Adhesive Society.The 23rd Annual Conference of Beijing Adhesive Society and Symposium on Adhesive and Sealant Technology Development.Beijing:Beijing Adhesive Society,2014:1.

    • [21] 程俊卿.中国木材志[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992:68-69.CHENG Junqing.Timber records of China[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1992:68-69.

    • [22] MA Jing,JI Zhe,ZHOU Xia,et al.The mechanism of xylans removal during hydrothermal pretreatment of poplar fibers investigated by immunogold labeling[J].Planta,2015,242(1):327-337.

    • [23] GIL A M,NETO C P.Solid-state NMR studies of wood and other lignocellulosic materials[J].Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy,1999,37:75-117.

    • [24] KIM Y S,SINGH A P.Micromorphological characteristics of wood biodegradation in wet environments:a review[J].Iawa Journal,2000,21(2):135-155.

  • 基本信息

    中图分类号: K878.3;S781.7
    文献标识码: A
    DOI: 10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20190301430
    文章编号: 1005-1538(2021)02-0068-06

    基金信息

    云南省社会发展科技计划项目资助(2011CA020)；

    引用信息

    稿件历史

    收稿日期: 2019-03-20

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LESZEK B,DOROTA I M,BOGUSAWA W.Evaluation of the state of preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood based on its physical properties:basic density vs.wood substance density[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2014,46:372-383.

    • [2] HEDGES J I.The chemistry of archaeological wood[J].Advances in Chemistry Series,1990:111-140.

    • [3] KIM B Y S.Chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological wood[J].Holzforschung,1990,44(3):169-172.

    • [4] BJÖRDAL C G.Microbial degradation of waterlogged archaeological wood[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2012,13(3):118-122.

    • [5] SINGH A P.A review of microbial decay types found in wooden objects of cultural heritage recovered from buried and waterlogged environments[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2012,13(3):16-20.

    • [6] CHA M Y,LEE K H,KIM Y S.Micromorphological and chemical aspects of archaeological bamboos under long-term waterlogged condition[J].International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation,2014,86:115-121.

    • [7] SINGH A P.Ultrastructural aspects of bacterial attacks of a submerged ancient wood[J].Mokuzai Gakkaishi,1994,40:554-562.

    • [8] KIM Y S,SINGH A P,NILSSON T.Bacteria as important degraders in waterlogged archaeological woods[J].Holzforschung-International Journal of the Biology,Chemistry,Physics and Technology of Wood,2009,50(5):389-392.

    • [9] PEDERSEN N B,GIERLINGER N,THYGESEN L G.Bacterial and abiotic decay in waterlogged archaeological Picea abies(L.)Karst studied by confocal Raman imaging and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy[J].Holzforschung,2015,69(1):103-112.

    • [10] BARDET M,GERBAUD G,GIFFARD M,et al.13C high-resolution solid-state NMR for structural elucidation of archaeological woods[J].Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,2009,55(3):199-214.

    • [11] CAPRETTI C,MACCHIONI N,PIZZO B,et al.The characterization of waterlogged archaeological wood:the three Roman ships found in Naples(Italy)*[J].Archaeometry,2008,50(5):855-876.

    • [12] COLOMBINI M P,UCEJKO J J,MODUGNO F,et al.A multi-analytical study of degradation of lignin in archaeological waterlogged wood[J].Talanta,2009,80(1):61-70.

    • [13] UCEJKO J J,MODUGNO F,RIBECHINI E,et al.Characterisation of archaeological waterlogged wood by pyrolytic and mass spectrometric techniques[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2009,654(1):26-34.

    • [14] PASSIALI S,COSTAS N.Physico-chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological wood[J].Holzforschung-International Journal of the Biology,Chemistry,Physics and Technology of Wood,2009,51(2):111-113.

    • [15] HOFFMANN P A,SINGH A,KIM S Y,et al.The Bremen cog of 1380:an electron microscopic study of its degraded wood before and after stabilization with PEG[J].Holzforschung,2004,58(3):211-218.

    • [16] UNGER A,SCHNIEWIND A P,UNGER W.Conservation of wood artifacts[M].Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer,2001.

    • [17] 闵锐.云南剑川县海门口遗址[J].考古,2009(7):18-23,2,104.MIN Rui.The Haimen Site in Jianchuan County,Yunnan Province[J].Archaeology,2009(7):18-23,2,104.

    • [18] 高景然.海门口遗址饱水木质文物腐朽机制研究与加固保护应用[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2015.GAO Jingran.Study on the decay mechanism of waterborne wooden cultural relics in Haimen Site and application of reinforcement and protection[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2015.

    • [19] WANG B S,MAO J F,ZHAO W,et al.Impact of geography and climate on the genetic differentiation of the subtropical pine Pinus yunnanensis[J].PLoS One,2013,8(6):e67345.

    • [20] 邱坚,伍建玲,罗蓓,等.中国西南木质文物的微观研究及加固处理[C]//北京粘接学会.北京粘接学会第二十三届学术年会暨粘接剂、密封剂技术发展研讨会论文集.北京:北京粘接学会,2014:1.QIU Jian,WU Jianling,LUO Bei,et al.Microscopic study and reinforcement treatment of wooden cultural relics in southwest China[C]//Beijing Adhesive Society.The 23rd Annual Conference of Beijing Adhesive Society and Symposium on Adhesive and Sealant Technology Development.Beijing:Beijing Adhesive Society,2014:1.

    • [21] 程俊卿.中国木材志[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992:68-69.CHENG Junqing.Timber records of China[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1992:68-69.

    • [22] MA Jing,JI Zhe,ZHOU Xia,et al.The mechanism of xylans removal during hydrothermal pretreatment of poplar fibers investigated by immunogold labeling[J].Planta,2015,242(1):327-337.

    • [23] GIL A M,NETO C P.Solid-state NMR studies of wood and other lignocellulosic materials[J].Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy,1999,37:75-117.

    • [24] KIM Y S,SINGH A P.Micromorphological characteristics of wood biodegradation in wet environments:a review[J].Iawa Journal,2000,21(2):135-155.

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