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作者简介:

袁雨(1988—),女,2018年6月硕士毕业于南京林业大学材料科学与工程学院,现就职于南京林业大学现代分析测试中心,研究方向为木材学,E-mail:891350265@qq.com

通讯作者:

潘彪(1964—),男,教授,从事木材材性改良及木材解剖研究,E-mail:pan.biao@163.com

中图分类号:K854.3;K875.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2020)04-0052-06

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目录contents

    摘要

    太仓半泾河古船发掘于近海河道,在保护修复工作开展前期,需采取脱盐处理。为全面了解船木含盐情况,针对不同部位不同树种的船体样品中的盐分种类与含量进行检测与分析。结果表明:船体样品所含以Cl-和SO2-4为代表的可溶盐,采用超声波辅助加热去离子水浸泡法脱除,20 d可将Cl-含量控制在1 mg/L,100 d可将SO2-4含量控制在1 mg/L。本研究结果可为后续保存工作提供有利条件。

    Abstract

    An ancient Banjing-river ship was excavated in an offshore river channel in Taicang. In the early stages of conservation and restoration work, it is necessary to desalinate the object. In order to understand the salt content of the ship’s wood, the kind and content of salts in samples from different parts and of different tree species were analyzed. The results show that the soluble salts of C1- and SO2-4 were in the samples. By ultrasonic-assisted heating and deionized water immersion for 20 days, the Cl- content could be controlled within 1 mg/L; after 100 days, the SO2-4 content was within 1 mg/L. The results of this study may provide favorable conditions for further preservation.

  • 0 引言

  • 太仓半泾河古船于2014年出土,经断代为宋元时期[1],是江苏省内近年来发现的最大一艘近海内河漕运古船。经过盐分检测[1]发现船体样品所含可溶盐以氯化物和硫酸盐为代表,可溶盐的反复结晶和溶解会对船木产生机械破坏作用,加速船体的腐朽[2-13],因此在脱水加固前必须脱除,常用的方法为去离子水浸泡法或喷淋法[2]

  • 1 可溶盐检测方法

  • 为确定船材中的可溶盐成分,分别对盐分进行元素检测及离子含量检测,主要采用X射线能谱仪(EDS)对船材样品进行元素分析,以及采用离子色谱仪(IC)对船材和土壤样品的去离子水浸渍液进行阴离子含量分析。

  • 1.1 元素分析

  • X射线能谱仪(EDS)为日立公司S-3400N型。切取10 mm×10 mm×20 mm(20mm为顺纹方向)的试样,置于液氮罐中冷冻1 min。室温放置若干分钟后,用双面刀片切取5 mm×5 mm×0.5 mm大小试材,经脱水和干燥后,将试样置于洁净的试样托上,试样下表面贴导电胶带,观察面喷金,在加速电压10 kV下进行观察。用SEM-EDS PEAK 4.1软件分析处理测试结果[14-18]

  • 1.2 船体木样阴离子含量分析

  • 采用离子色谱仪(智慧型离子色谱系统Thermo Fisher IC DIONES ICS-900)对船体木材试样的去离子水浸渍液进行分析[7-10]。首先,测定样品中所有阴离子种类及含量。准确称取各种试样1.25 g,分别置于50 mL烧杯中,加入25 mL高纯水,充分搅拌,再将烧杯放入超声波清洗机中超声萃取30 min,经离心过滤后测定阴离子种类及含量。离子色谱仪运行时间为27 min,泵ICS-900运行速度为1.00 mL/min,压力为1.33×108 Pa,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测器ICS-900阀Load Position,手动进样,采用Chrimeleon Console软件运行。

  • 2 可溶盐检测结果与分析

  • 2.1 元素分析结果

  • 检测结果表明,船体样品中普遍含有以KCl为代表的可溶盐。KCl是海洋出水或近海水域出土木质文物中普遍所含的盐分[19-21]。木样盐分中KCl含量最低0.17%,最高1.03%,平均0.51%,可见不同部位不同树种样品中盐分的分布是不均匀的(表1)。

  • 表1 船体木样盐分含量EDS分析

  • Table 1 X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS) of salt content in wood samples of ship hull(%)

  • 2.2 阴离子含量分析结果

  • 选取原始船体3处不同部位的样品,对6种阴离子(氯离子、硝酸根离子、硫酸根离子、氯离子、溴离子和磷酸根离子)的含量分别进行5次检测[1]。样品编号为1~30:1~5为氯离子,6~10为硝酸根离子,11~15为硫酸根离子,16~20为氯离子,21~25为溴离子,26~30为磷酸根离子。所得结果如图1所示,可见船体中含有大量的氯离子及硫酸根离子。

  • 图1 船体木样主要阴离子含量

  • Fig.1 Main anion contents of the hull wood sample

  • 为进一步分析氯离子和硫酸根离子的分布情况,分别从龙骨内部、舱底板内部、隔舱板内部和外部、船舷板外部进行取样,2种离子含量的具体数据如表2所示。

  • 表2 船体木样木粉去离子水浸渍液Cl-和SO2-4含量

  • Table 2 Cl- and SO2-4 contents of hull wood powder in the impregnating solution of deionized water(mg/L)

  • 由表2可见:氯离子和硫酸根离子在船体不同部位的分布是不均匀的,硫酸根离子含量均高出氯离子;两种离子含量由高至低的树种依次为杉木、硬松、枫香、香樟;在同一树种同一部位不同深度的分布也是不均匀的,枫香的外部样品离子含量高于内部样品;船舷板和龙骨样品中的氯离子和硫酸根离子含量较隔舱板和舱底板样品中的更多,船体表层所含有害离子较内层更多,说明氯离子及硫酸根离子来源于外部环境。

  • 3 脱盐实验材料与方法

  • 3.1 样品

  • 使用美工刀从隔舱板样品上徒手切割下大小一致的小木块,尺寸为20 mm×20 mm×20 mm,分别放入两个200 mL的烧杯,一个使用室温去离子水浸泡法,一个使用加热-超声波振荡浸泡法[22]。浸泡4 h后使用电导率仪进行测试,去离子水样品检测数据作为本底,获取浸渍液电导率变化趋势,从而进行可溶盐脱除平行对比实验。实验表明加热-超声波振荡浸泡法可以加大可溶盐脱除速率。

  • 3.2 脱盐实验

  • 为了确保实验可以客观反映船体整体的脱盐情况,分别从枫香-隔舱板、硬松-龙骨、杉木-船舷板、香樟-舱底板、枫香-隔舱板钻孔处取出5 g样品,浸渍在装有100 mL去离子水的烧杯中,置入超声波清洗仪(设置温度为60℃,频率为70 Hz),进行加热-超声波振荡浸泡,并观察浸渍液的电导率变化情况(图2)。定期更换去离子水并测量浸渍液的电导率,待电导率数据趋于平衡后,即三次测定数据基本一致,说明浸渍液饱和可换水。待电导率数据变化趋势不断降低并趋于平衡后,说明脱盐完毕。

  • 注:自左至右依次为杉木船舷板、枫香隔舱板、香樟舱底板、硬松龙骨、枫香隔舱板钻孔部位

  • 图2 不同部位船体样品可溶盐脱除前后浸渍液变化

  • Fig.2 Changes of impregnating solution before and after removal of soluble salts from hull samples of different parts

  • 为检测可溶盐脱除效果,使用离子色谱仪检测脱盐前后的木样灰化后获取的木粉去离子水浸渍液中的阴离子含量。另外在木样脱盐过程中回收饱和浸渍液,检测浸渍液中的阴离子含量,观察可溶盐的脱除进程,从而对可溶盐的脱除进行定量分析。

  • 由于可溶盐易溶于水,在检测前没有对木样进行清洗,木样保留采样时的原始状态,杉木样品和枫香钻孔样品表面泥土较多。杉木样品为2014年出土时取样后自然干燥状态,其余为2017年船体移至保护室后喷有少量聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液的湿润状态的样品。

  • 分别取出5 g枫香、硬松、香樟、杉木的原始木样在(105±2)℃的烘箱中烘干,使用粉碎机研磨成粉末,经过马弗炉565℃灰化3 h后,称取2.000 g置于50 mL烧杯内,加入25 mL纯水,使用玻璃棒充分搅拌,提取10 mL的浸渍液倒入离心管,旋紧密封盖后置入离心机,离心过滤后取出离心管,使用1 mL针管通过过滤膜多次注入收集瓶,并给瓶子编号(表3)。过滤好的浸渍液如不马上使用,需要置入冰箱冷藏。

  • 由表3可以看出氯离子及硫酸根离子在木材中的分布是不均匀的,其中硫酸根离子含量普遍高于氯离子含量,硬松和枫香样品中的氯离子及硫酸根离子含量较杉木、香樟样品和枫香钻孔样品多出很多,枫香、硬松、香樟样品中的硫酸根离子含量较杉木样品及枫香钻孔样品多,硬松样品中的氯离子及硫酸根离子含量最高,海生动物钻孔样品的有害离子含量最少,可能由于携裹的泥土等杂质较多,而有害离子并非来源于船体周围的泥土,因而离子浓度并没有其他无损部位高。

  • 表3 原始样品木粉去离子水浸渍液Cl-和SO2-4含量

  • Table 3 Cl- and SO2-4 contents of original sample wood powder in the impregnating solution of deionized water(mg/L)

  • 将5组需脱盐处理的样品浸渍入装有去离子水的100 mL烧杯中,定期更换纯净水并测量浸渍液的电导率。浸渍液温度保持60℃以上,为缩短脱盐时间,使用超声波辅助振荡的方式进行加速反应。

  • 脱盐处理过程中,溶液电导率与浸渍天数关系如图3所示。

  • 图3 样品可溶盐脱除浸渍液电导率变化曲线图

  • Fig.3 Change curve of the conductivity of the impregnating

  • solution for the removal of soluble salts

  • 电导率是溶液传导电流的能力。溶液中自由离子的总量决定导电强度。稀溶液中,离子的总电导率为阳离子与阴离子的电导率之和。低浓度时,基本呈线性关系。在一定温度下,水溶液浓度增加时,阴阳离子间的间距缩短,作用力增大,电导率和浓度的线性关系变差[1]

  • 本研究采用DDS-307A电导率仪对船体木材的去离子水浸渍液进行分析,当脱盐去离子水的电导率基本稳定时,反映可溶盐基本析出,从而表示脱盐处理完成。可以看出,在木样脱盐溶液电导率和各种离子浓度之间存在良好的线性关系(图3)。

  • 5组样品的脱盐曲线形状基本相同(图3),说明由于样品体积形状不规则和去离子水纯度波动带来的测定误差较小,采用的方法和仪器可靠。在脱盐初期,经过20 d左右,溶液中离子浓度梯度最大,在浸出液中,离子浓度在差不多时间间隔内迅速下降,斜率基本相等。

  • 经过长时间(45 d)的浸渍后,浸出液电导率变化趋于平缓(图3)。

  • 经过20 d去离子水浸渍后,浸渍液电导率呈下降趋势。在20 d以上的去离子水浸渍后,以氯离子为标志的可溶盐的去除已经基本达到脱盐要求(表4)。在没有其他驱动力的条件下,仅靠浓度梯度促使盐分从木样中扩散到浸渍水溶液中的速度是比较慢的。增加更换浸渍液的频率可以增加脱盐的速度。延长浸渍时间时,电导率有一定程度的增加,说明试样内仍有一定盐分浓度梯度存在,部分没有扩散到浸渍液内,因此脱盐时间应根据电导率测定结果具体设定。

  • 表420 d脱盐后样品木粉去离子水浸渍液Cl-和SO2-4含量

  • Table 4 Cl- and SO2-4 contents of the sample wood powder in the impregnating solution of deionized water

  • after 20 days of desalination(mg/L)

  • 通过加热-超声波振荡脱盐法脱除了大量氯离子及硫酸根离子,氯离子已经控制在1 mg/L以下(表4),但是硫酸根离子含量依旧很高,于是为探讨硫酸根离子的来源,对样品自带的泥土样品做离子含量检测分析(表5)。

  • 结果发现,泥土中所含的氯离子及硫酸根离子并不高(表5),可以排除土壤的影响。因此,推测硫酸根离子来源于早期船体使用过程中水体的影响。

  • 表5 钻孔样品内泥土样品去离子水浸渍液Cl-和SO2-4含量

  • Table 5 Cl- and SO2-4 contents of the soil samples in theborehole samples of marine animals in theimpregnating solution of deionized water(mg/L)

  • 经过约45 d的去离子水浸渍后,浸渍液氯离子浓度降低为海水的万分之一以下,不同组木粉浸渍液内部的氯离子含量略有差别,但是均达1 mg/L以下。在浸渍过程中,硫酸根离子浓度变化很大,经过45 d脱盐后,浸渍液仍然有较高的硫酸根离子浓度,继续采用此法进行脱盐,经过大约100 d,可将硫酸根离子含量控制在1 mg/L内。

  • 由于实际船体脱盐工作具有连续性,所以先脱除难溶盐,去除铁离子和硫化物的过程中会脱除部分氯化物及硫酸盐等可溶盐,因此实际可溶盐的脱除过程会缩短。由于船体结构松散,木材腐朽严重,散落的船木残件里的可溶盐适合此种浸泡法脱除。

  • 4 总结

  • 经检测,太仓古船所含可溶盐为氯化物及硫酸盐,可溶盐的反复结晶和溶解会对船木产生机械破坏作用,加速船体的腐朽,因此在脱水加固前必须脱除。船体样品可溶盐脱除使用加热-超声波去离子水浸泡法,前20 d是可溶盐脱除的高峰期,可将氯离子含量控制在1 mg/L以内,大约100 d内可将硫酸根离子含量控制在1 mg/L内。

  • 参考文献

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    • [13] 李国清.出水海洋古沉船的保护[J].中国文化遗产,2013(4):66-67.LI Guoqing.Protection of ancient shipwrecks in the ocean[J].China Cultural Heritage,2013(4):66-67.

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    • [19] 费利华,沈大娲.泉州湾宋代海船船木的盐分检测与分析[J].福建文博,2015(3):65-68.FEI Lihua,SHEN Dawa.Salt detection and analysis of a Song Dynasty ship in Quanzhou Bay[J].Fujian Relics and Museology,2015(3):65-68.

    • [20] 袁晓春.蓬莱三艘古船保护进程中的保护技术探究[C]//中国文物保护技术协会.中国文物保护技术协会第六次学术年会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2010:101-105.YUAN Xiaochun.Research on protection technology in the protection process of three ancient ships in Penglai[C]//China Association for Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics.Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference of China Association for Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics.Beijing:Science Press,2010:101-105.

    • [21] 袁晓春.蓬莱三艘古船前期保护及元朝古船保护技术[C]//中国文物保护技术协会.中国文物保护技术协会第五次学术年会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2008:160-169.YUAN Xiaochun.Pre-protection of three ancient ships in Penglai and protection technology of ancient ships in theYuan Dynasty[C]//China Association for Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics.Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference of China Association for Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics.Beijing:Science Press,2008:160-169.

    • [22] 袁晓春,张爱敏.蓬莱四艘古船保护技术解析[J].中国文物科学研究,2013(1):81-84.YUAN Xiaochun,ZHANG Aimin.Analysis of conservation techniques for four shipwrecks discovered in Penglai,Shandong[J].China Cultural Heritage Scientific Research,2013(1):81-84.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 陈潇俐,张诺.太仓万丰村半泾河古船船材主要离子的测试研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2017,29(3):79-82.CHEN Xiaoli,ZHANG Nuo.Analysis of major ions from an ancient ship found in Banjing River at Wanfeng Village of Taicang[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2017,29(3):79-82.

    • [2] HFORS B.Conservation of the wood of the Swedish warship Vasa of A.D.1628:evaluation of polyethylene glycol conservation programmes[D].Gothenburg:University of Gothenburg,2010.

    • [3] SANDSTROM M,JALILEHVAND F,PERSSON I,et al.Deterioration of the seventeenth-century warship Vasa by internal formation of sulphuric acid[J].Nature,2002,415(6874):893-897.

    • [4] SANDSTROM M,JALILEHVAND F,PERSSON I,et al.Sulfur accumulation in the timbers of King Henry VIII’s warship Mary Rose:a pathway in the sulfur cycle of conservation concern[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2005,102(40):14165-14170.

    • [5] HOCKER E.From the micro-to the macro:managing the conservation of the warship,Vasa[J].Macromolecular Symposia,2006,238(1):16-21.

    • [6] BIRGITTA H.Conservation of the Swedish warship Vasa from 1628[M].2nd ed.Stockholm:Vasa Museum,2010.

    • [7] MACLEOD I D.Conservation of waterlogged timber from the Batavia 1629[J].Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology,1990,14(2):1-8.

    • [8] KAHANOV Y.Wood conservation of the Ma’agan Mikhael shipwreck[J].International Journal of Nautical Archaeology,1997,26(4):316-329.

    • [9] ALAGNA P.The construction of the treatment tanks used in the conservation of the wood of the Marsala Punic ship[J].Studies in Conservation,1977,22(3):8-160.

    • [10] GRATTAN D W,CLARKE R W.Conservation of waterlogged wood[J].Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects,1987(458):164-206.

    • [11] JONES S P P,SLATER N K H,JONES M,et al.Investigating the processes necessary for satisfactory freeze-drying of waterlogged archaeological wood[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2009,36(10):2177-2183.

    • [12] HOCKER E.Maintaining a stable environment:Vasa’s new climate-control system[J].Journal of Preservation Technology,2010,41:2-3.

    • [13] 李国清.出水海洋古沉船的保护[J].中国文化遗产,2013(4):66-67.LI Guoqing.Protection of ancient shipwrecks in the ocean[J].China Cultural Heritage,2013(4):66-67.

    • [14] 吴双成,李景超,袁晓春,等.蓬莱两艘古船船材、淤泥及水主要离子的测试研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2008,20(3):52-54,76.WU Shuangcheng,LI Jingchao,YUAN Xiaochun,et al.Analytical test for the major ions of wood,silt & water of two ancient boats from Penglai[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2008,20(3):52-54,76.

    • [15] 费利华.泉州宋代古船保存环境调查与分析[C]//中国文物保护技术协会.中国文物保护技术协会第七次学术年会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2013:362-369.FEI Lihua.Investigation and analysis of the preservation environment of ancient ships in Quanzhou[C]//China Association for Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics.Proceedings of the 7th Annual Academic Conference of China Association for Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics.Beijing:Science Press,2013:362-369.

    • [16] 费利华.泉州湾宋代海船保存现状的调查研究[J].中国文物科学研究,2014(3):74-79.FEI Lihua.An investigation of the state of conservation of the Song Dynasty shipwreck in Quanzhou Bay[J].China Cultural Heritage Scientific Research,2014(3):74-79.

    • [17] 费利华,李国清.泉州湾宋代海船保护40年回顾、现状与分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2015,27(4):95-100.FEI Lihua,LI Guoqing.Forty years of conservation:a Song Dynasty shipwreck from the Quanzhou Bay[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2015,27(4):95-100.

    • [18] 林禾杰.泉州湾宋代海船沉没环境的研究[J].海交史研究,1982(1):42-51.LIN Hejie.Study on the sinking environment of a Song Dynasty ship in Quanzhou Bay[J].Journal of Maritime History Studies,1982(1):42-51.

    • [19] 费利华,沈大娲.泉州湾宋代海船船木的盐分检测与分析[J].福建文博,2015(3):65-68.FEI Lihua,SHEN Dawa.Salt detection and analysis of a Song Dynasty ship in Quanzhou Bay[J].Fujian Relics and Museology,2015(3):65-68.

    • [20] 袁晓春.蓬莱三艘古船保护进程中的保护技术探究[C]//中国文物保护技术协会.中国文物保护技术协会第六次学术年会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2010:101-105.YUAN Xiaochun.Research on protection technology in the protection process of three ancient ships in Penglai[C]//China Association for Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics.Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference of China Association for Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics.Beijing:Science Press,2010:101-105.

    • [21] 袁晓春.蓬莱三艘古船前期保护及元朝古船保护技术[C]//中国文物保护技术协会.中国文物保护技术协会第五次学术年会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2008:160-169.YUAN Xiaochun.Pre-protection of three ancient ships in Penglai and protection technology of ancient ships in theYuan Dynasty[C]//China Association for Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics.Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference of China Association for Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics.Beijing:Science Press,2008:160-169.

    • [22] 袁晓春,张爱敏.蓬莱四艘古船保护技术解析[J].中国文物科学研究,2013(1):81-84.YUAN Xiaochun,ZHANG Aimin.Analysis of conservation techniques for four shipwrecks discovered in Penglai,Shandong[J].China Cultural Heritage Scientific Research,2013(1):81-84.