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作者简介:

赵凡(1987—),男,2013年硕士毕业于西北大学文物保护学专业,研究方向为石窟寺及石刻和壁画保护,E-mail:zhaofan_163@163.com

中图分类号:K879.41

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2020)04-0008-08

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目录contents

    摘要

    广汉龙居寺中殿壁画为四川地区明代建筑壁画中精品。为了解该壁画制作材料与工艺,采用显微观察、激光粒度仪分析、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、酶联免疫等方法,对样品结构形态和材料组成进行了分析。结果表明:该壁画载体为编竹夹泥墙结构。地仗层泥土颗粒矿物成分主要为石英、钠长石,颗粒组成墙体壁画以粉粒为主、砂粒次之,垫拱板壁画粗泥层比细泥层砂粒含量偏低、粉粒含量偏高;加筋材料粗泥层为稻草秸秆、谷壳等,细泥层为棉或麻纤维。颜料层显色成分为古代壁画常见矿物颜料,红色为朱砂、铅丹,绿色为氯铜矿、副氯铜矿,白色为方解石、滑石,黑色为炭黑,蓝色为石青,黄色为针铁矿,胶料为动物胶或蛋清。该壁画在四川地区明代建筑壁画制作材料与工艺上具有典型性,主要体现在载体结构类型、地仗层材料组成、颜料层显色成分等方面。研究成果不仅可为该壁画后期保护修复提供依据,而且丰富了对四川地区明代建筑壁画的认识。

    Abstract

    The middle hall mural at Longju Temple is an example of classic Ming Dynasty temple murals in Sichuan. In order to ascertain the material and workmanship of the mural, the structural morphologies and material compositions of samples were analyzed using microscopy, laser particle analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD),Raman spectrometry,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), etc. The results show that the structure the mural depends on is a mud wall with a bamboo skeleton. The mineral components of the plaster layer are mainly quartz and albite. The grain composition of the mural is powder in the majority and sand in the minority. In the Diangongban mural the coarse mud layer has a lower sand content and a higher powder content than the fine mud layer. The fibers in the coarse plaster layer are straw stalks and chaff and those in the fine plaster layer are cotton or fibrilia. Regarding colors, the red pigments are cinnabar and minium, the green pigments are atacamite and paratacamite, the white pigments are calcite and talcum, the black pigment is carbon black, the blue pigment is azurite, and the yellow pigment is goethite. The cementing material is animal glue or egg white. The mural is typical, in terms of carrier structure, plaster materials and color composition, compared with other murals of the same region and period. These research results could not only provide guidance for the following protection and restoration of the mural in the future, but also enrich the knowledge of ancient architectural murals in this area.

    关键词

    广汉龙居寺壁画制作材料工艺

  • 0 引言

  • 广汉龙居寺中殿位于四川省广汉市新丰镇龙居村,建于明正统十二年,为第七批全国重点文物保护单位。中殿建筑内部保存有壁画90余平方米,根据分布位置可分为墙体壁画和垫拱板壁画两类,其中墙体壁画10铺,垫拱板壁画26铺,绘于明成化二年,主要内容为佛教十二圆觉,为四川地区明代建筑壁画中精品,具有重要的历史、艺术和科学价值[1]。为了解该壁画制作材料与工艺,借鉴目前国内外古代壁画及彩绘材质分析常用方法[2-11],分别采集两类壁画代表性样品,综合采用显微观察、颗粒分析、X射线衍射分析、拉曼光谱分析、酶联免疫分析等方法,对样品结构形态和材料组成进行了系统分析,讨论了壁画制作材料与工艺特点。研究成果不仅为该壁画后期保护修复提供了依据和指导,而且丰富了对四川地区明代建筑壁画材质研究方面的认识。

  • 1 壁画

  • 概况龙居寺中殿建筑坐北向南,平面近方形,有台基,面阔三间11.2 m,进深三间12.1 m,七架抬梁式木结构,歇山式屋顶,青筒瓦屋面。壁画依附建筑墙体和垫拱板均为编竹夹泥墙结构,中间以竹木骨架作为受力主体,墙体骨架由“立枋—穿枋—编壁”三个层级构成,垫拱板骨架为木板竹片编壁或竹片编壁;两侧以泥层作为面层,外侧面层由内向外依次为草拌泥层、白灰层或涂料层,内侧即为壁画本体[12]。由残损位置断面及表面肉眼观察可见,两类壁画层次结构特征基本一致,由内向外依次为粗泥层、细泥层、白粉层、颜料层或金层。地仗层为墙体或垫拱板内侧底层泥层,作打底找平用。通常墙体壁画粗细泥层区分不明显,两者结合紧密,接触面不平整,未见明显界面。粗泥层大多厚约30~50 mm,厚度差异较大,局部嵌入中间骨架与支撑体结合。细泥层大多厚约5~8 mm,厚度差异较小。垫拱板壁画粗细泥层区分明显,两者结合较紧密,局部可见明显界面。粗泥层大多厚约35~50 mm,厚度差异较大,局部嵌入中间骨架与支撑体结合。细泥层大多厚约10~13 mm,厚度差异较小。白粉层为墙体或垫拱板内侧表层底色层,作打底着色用,下部与细泥层表面结合较紧密。颜料层为墙体或垫拱板内侧表面绘画层,作主要装饰,主体采用传统工笔重彩绘画,线描、填色与晕染结合,颜色以红、绿、白三色为主,黑、蓝、黄等色为辅。金层为墙体内侧表面沥粉贴金,作次要装饰,主要分布于画面人物的璎珞、冠饰、飘带、领口、袖口等细部和建筑屋顶。第4期赵凡等:四川广汉龙居寺中殿壁画制作材料与工艺研究文物保护与考古科学第32卷该壁画保护修复历史记载明确,早期未经过任何修补和重绘,近期墙体壁画先后经过两次保护修复。1978年建筑维修中对壁画进行的表面覆盖物清除和大面积地仗残缺修补,揭露出了画面主要内容,修补了地仗层严重缺失区域。2010年在对“5·12”地震灾后壁画抢救性保护中,对壁画进行了残余覆盖物清除、起甲回贴、空鼓回贴、脱盐、裂隙注浆、地仗残缺修补及表面随色等主要病害处理。

  • 2 分析方案

  • 2.1 分析样品

  • 本次针对壁画原始制作材料与工艺进行分析,为保证样品的代表性,依据早期修复档案和多光谱原位调查结果,选取未经过保护修复处理区域中特征位置进行取样。根据文物保护“不改变原状”和“最小干预”的原则,分别采集墙体壁画和垫拱板壁画中粗泥层、细泥层、白粉层和颜料层少量代表性样品,样品详情见表1。

  • 表1壁画样品详情表

  • Table 1Details of mural samples

  • 2.2 分析方法

  • 1)显微观察。选取样品表面和断面典型区域,采用日本基恩士Keyence公司VHX-10000型超景深三维显微镜对样品结构形态进行微观观察。

  • 2)颗粒分析。选取地仗层样品,采用济南微纳颗粒仪器股份有限公司Winner 2308A型激光粒度分析仪进行颗粒分析,了解粗泥层和细泥层泥土颗粒粒径分布情况。

  • 3)X射线衍射分析。选取各类样品,采用日本理学公司D/max-2500型X射线衍射仪进行物相分析,了解地仗层主要矿物组成,初步判断颜料层显色成分。

  • 4)拉曼光谱分析。选取颜料层样品,采用英国雷尼绍公司Renishaw inVia型共焦激光显微拉曼光谱仪进行成分分析,结合X射线衍射分析结果综合判断颜料层显色成分。

  • 5)酶联免疫分析。选取颜料层样品,采用酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)进行分析,了解颜料层胶料种类。

  • 3 结果与讨论

  • 3.1 结构形态特征

  • 由样品微观结构形态可见,壁画层次结构与肉眼观察结果基本一致,可以较为清晰地看出地仗层中泥土颗粒和加筋材料的基本结构、主要组成及分布情况,其中墙体壁画和垫拱板壁画之间差异明显。墙体壁画粗泥层样品结构较致密,有缝隙或孔洞分布,泥土颗粒局部形成团聚体,加筋材料主要为稻草秸秆、谷壳等,分布均匀性较差;细泥层样品结构致密,泥土颗粒局部可见砂粒、云母片等,加筋材料包括棉纤维和麻纤维两类,分布均匀性较好,详见图1。垫拱板壁画粗泥层结构致密,泥土颗粒均匀性较好,加筋材料与墙体壁画相似,主要为稻草秸秆、谷壳等,分布均匀性较好;细泥层样品结构较松散,存在大量缝隙或孔洞,泥土颗粒粗细不一,可见大量砂粒,加筋材料为棉纤维,分布均匀性好,详见图2。

  • 图1 墙体壁画样品结构形态图

  • Fig.1 Structural morphology of wall mural samples

  • 图2 垫拱板壁画样品结构形态图

  • Fig.2 Structural mo1-phology of Diangongban mural samples

  • 3.2 地仗层分析

  • 1)颗粒分析。由表2可见,两类壁画地仗层样品泥土颗粒粒径和组成特征不同,粗泥层和细泥层颗粒粒径大小分布情况均存在明显差异。墙体壁画地仗层样品粒组以粉粒为主,砂粒次之,黏粒极少。粗泥层(图3a)比细泥层(图3b)砂粒含量略高,粉粒含量略低,黏粒含量相当,两者差别相对较小。与肉眼观察到墙体壁画粗细泥层区分不明显的结果一致,基本符合古代传统壁画粗细泥层的粒径组成特点[13]。垫拱板壁画粗泥层(图3c)比细泥层(图3d)砂粒含量偏低、粉粒含量偏高、黏粒含量相当。尤其细泥层中含有大量砂粒,初步分析应为用来改善土粒水理性质,减小收缩变形。此处粗泥层和细泥层只能按照地仗层层次结构及加筋材料种类进行区分,与通常古代壁画地仗层粗泥层比细泥层泥土颗粒中粗粒含量高这一现象有所差异[14-15]

  • 2)X射线衍射分析。由表3可见,两类壁画地仗层样品泥土颗粒矿物成分种类基本一致,粗泥层和细泥层之间未见明显差异。矿物成分种类主要为石英、钠长石,次要为钠闪石、白云母、绿泥石,个别样品含有少量生石膏和方解石。其中垫拱板壁画细泥层样品(D-DB-2和D-DB-4)石英含量偏高。结合颗粒分析结果主要粒组为砂粒,可见其主要由砂粒影响所致。墙体壁画粗泥层样品(D-QB-1)有方解石检出,但考虑到仅为孤例且相对含量极小,不足以推断出石灰为有意作为胶凝材料添加以提高地仗层性能;墙体壁画细泥层样品(D-QB-4)有生石膏检出,此处取样位置恰位于墙体底部酥碱病害较为严重区域,由此推断次生矿物生石膏主要为盐分运移导致。白粉层样品主要矿物成分为生石膏、石英、白云石,其中石英应为下层地仗泥土干扰所致。

  • 表2地仗层样品颗粒分析结果

  • 图3 地仗层样品颗粒分布曲线图

  • Fig.3 Grain size distribution of pla s ter layer sample s

  • 表3 地仗层样品X射线衍射分析结果

  • 3.3 颜料层分析

  • 1)显色成分分析。由表4可见,壁画颜料层样品显色成分均为古代壁画常见颜料,红色颜料为朱砂、铅丹,绿色颜料为氯铜矿、副氯铜矿,白色颜料为方解石、滑石,黑色颜料为炭黑,蓝色颜料为石青,黄色颜料为针铁矿。同时根据X射线衍射分析结果,部分颜料层样品中除显色成分外还含有生石膏、滑石、方解石、白云母等白色矿物。分析排除下层白粉层及地仗层中矿物成分干扰的影响,这可能因为壁画绘制过程中呈色需要,在主要显色颜料中加入了一些白色颜料来降低色彩饱和度,以此达到同种颜色深浅不一的效果,与壁画整体偏淡雅的绘画风格相吻合。

  • 表4颜料层样品显色成分分析结果

  • Table 4Color composition of painting layer samples

  • 2)胶料种类分析。由表5可见,两类壁画颜料层样品有机胶料均有检出,包括蛋清和动物胶两类。其中2件墙体壁画颜料层样品(Y-QB-3和Y-QB-4)中分别有动物胶和蛋清检出。1件垫拱板壁画颜料层样品(Y-DB-1)中同时有动物胶和蛋清检出,动物胶均呈阳性,蛋清均呈弱阳性,由此判断壁画颜料层中胶料种类为动物胶或蛋清,但不排除蛋清为后期表面涂刷所致。

  • 表5颜料层样品胶料种类分析结果

  • Table 5Cementing material for painting layer samples

  • 3.4 制作材料工艺特点

  • 四川地区明代建筑中有壁画作装饰者多达十余处,龙居寺中殿壁画作为其中代表之一,在同地区同时代建筑壁画的制作材料与工艺上具有典型性,主要体现在载体结构类型、地仗层材料组成、颜料层显色成分等方面[16-17]。编竹夹泥墙为四川传统建筑中常见的墙体种类,龙居寺中殿墙体和垫拱板壁画的载体采用此种结构。据初步调查,平武报恩寺、新津观音寺、蓬溪宝梵寺、邛崃盘陀寺等四川地区明代建筑壁画的载体结构也均如此。这与国内其他地区古代壁画以砖石墙、土坯或夯土墙、木板墙等作为载体存在明显差异,具有显著的地域特色[18]。同时该壁画大致沿袭宋《营造法式》卷十三中“画壁”做法,由内向外依次为粗泥层、细泥层、白粉层、颜料层及金层,其中地仗层中泥土颗粒组成主要为粉粒和砂粒,加筋材料包括稻草秸秆或谷壳、麻纤维、棉纤维等。这与同地区同时代的建筑壁画地仗层主要材料的种类基本一致,稻草秸秆或谷壳的使用具有就地取材的特点[19-20]。此外,该壁画颜料层样品显色成分均为古代壁画常见颜料,与现有平武报恩寺[5]、蓬溪宝梵寺[21]、新都龙藏寺[22]、屏山万寿寺[23]四处同地区同时代的建筑壁画颜料分析结果对比,其主要颜色和各色颜料显色成分未见特殊,说明四川地区明代建筑壁画颜料的选用也基本形成定制。该壁画与平武报恩寺、蓬溪宝梵寺壁画在部分显色颜料中发现有白色颜料的有意加入,这与此类壁画采用晕染绘画技法中的设色密切相关。

  • 4 结论

  • 1)广汉龙居寺中殿壁画载体为编竹夹泥墙结构,墙体和垫拱板壁画层次结构依次为支撑体、粗泥层、细泥层、白粉层、颜料层或金层。

  • 2)两类壁画地仗层泥土颗粒矿物成分主要为石英、钠长石。墙体壁画颗粒组成以粉粒为主、砂粒次之,垫拱板壁画粗泥层比细泥层砂粒含量偏低、粉粒含量偏高;加筋材料粗泥层为稻草秸秆、谷壳等,细泥层为棉或麻纤维。白粉层矿物成分为生石膏、白云石。

  • 3)壁画颜料层显色成分为古代壁画常见矿物颜料,红色为朱砂、铅丹,绿色为氯铜矿、副氯铜矿,白色为方解石、滑石,黑色为炭黑,蓝色为石青,黄色为针铁矿。胶料为动物胶或蛋清。

  • 4)该壁画在四川地区明代建筑壁画制作材料与工艺上具有典型性,主要体现在载体结构类型、地仗层材料组成、颜料层显色成分等方面。

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    • [3] 王乐乐,李志敏,张晓彤,等.西藏拉萨大昭寺转经廊壁画制作工艺研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2014,26(4):84-92.WANG Lele,LI Zhimin,ZHANG Xiaotong,et al.Studies on wall painting techniques at Jokhang Temple,Lhasa,Tibet,China[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archeology,2014,26(4):84-92.

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