This study focuses on the surface wood of the coffin cover board unearthed from Tomb No.1 of Wuwangdun, residual fragments of the coffin cover board recovered from robbery holes, and wooden tools unearthed from the fill soil. Wood species were identified using standard wood science analytical methods. In addition, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to investigate deterioration of the wooden cultural relics from multiple aspects, including maximum moisture content, basic density, relative cellulose and lignin content and crystallinity. Through comparative analysis, the preservation state of the coffin board was evaluated. The results indicate that the wooden tools were made of oak (Quercus, Fagaceae), while the coffin cover was made of zelkova (Zelkova, Ulmaceae). The degradation of the wooden tools from the backfill soil near the northern side of the cover was less severe than that of those from the eastern side. Similarly, the degrees of degradation of the coffin cover varied across different areas:the eastern side was better preserved, while fragments recovered from the robbery holes showed the most severe degradation. These findings highlight the influence of burial environment on wood deterioration, providing valuable insights into degradation mechanisms of unearthed wooden cultural relics, and offering reliable information for the scientific conservation and reinforcement strategies.