Yuan Dynasty painted sculpture fragments housed in Yongle Palace, Shanxi, are invaluable material evidence for studying the materials and techniques used in the creation of clay-based painted sculptures from the early Yuan period. To enrich the scientific research repository on the materials and techniques for Yuan Dynasty clay sculptures, this study employed a multi-technique analytical strategy to sample, examine, and analyze these fragments. The results indicate that the primary framework of Yongle Palace Yuan sculptures is made of cypress wood. The sculpting clay is differentiated into coarse and fine layers:the coarse clay layer uses wheat straw and wheat husks as reinforcing materials, while the fine clay layer employs cotton and hemp fibers. The painted layers exhibit multiple superimposed pigment layers, as well as techniques such as gilding and raised paste gilding. The base coat for painting process is generally white, over which colors such as pink, blue, and green are applied, whereas the base coat for gilding is typically red. The Yuan Dynasty sculptures in Sanqing Hall of Yongle Palace follow the traditional Shanxi regional technique paradigm for clay sculptures:wooden framework; rough shaping with coarse clay; refined detailing with fine clay; painting and gilding. The paper found in the fine clay layer of some individual fragments is likely the result of later refurbishments or local repairs. This research provides critical reference materials for the authentic restoration of the Yuan Dynasty painted sculptures in Sanqing Hall of Yongle Palace.