This paper reviews the current status and application prospects of radio frequency and microwave non-destructive testing (NDT) methods in the field of cultural relic conservation. Radio frequency and microwave detection have attracted extensive attention due to their good penetration, non-contact and non-destructive natures, low detection power, rapid operation, and suitability for on-site detection. By summarizing relevant research results from both domestic and oversea studies, this paper analyzes specific applications of these techniques in cultural relic evaluation and monitoring, such as radio frequency identification (RFID) in artifact storage management, microwave-based humidity measurement of rock masses, ancient wooden pillars, and walls in cultural heritage sites, as well as the use of ground penetrating radar in archaeological excavations. Furthermore, this paper discusses existing challenges faced, including intelligent data analysis, standardization, technical application, and outlines potential future development directions. The findings aim to provide theoretical support and practical references for the broader application of radio frequency and microwave testing methods in Chinese cultural heritage conservation and archaeological studies.