Bone relics are a key source of information in paleoanthropology and archaeology. With the integration of science and technology into archaeology, studies of bone relics have expanded from morphological to molecular levels. This shift places higher standards for conservators:beyond preserving morphological features, it is crucial to maintain chemical integrity to minimize interference with future scientific analysis. Safeguarding the authenticity of relics during cleaning and consolidation at archaeological sites is therefore critical. This review examines the potential impacts of conservation treatments on subsequent bone studies. Most cleaning methods alter bone surface and may hinder microscopic analysis. For instance, high concentrations of acetic acid and formic acid can damage microstructures. Although modifications during cleaning are unavoidable, the resulting changes can be characterized. In consolidation, carbon-based polymers may adversely affect ¹⁴C dating and stable isotopes analysis. Appropriate pretreatments can remove these polymers to obtain accurate results. However, δ¹⁸O values derived from carbonate in bone hydroxyapatite may be unpredictably altered by polymer exposure. Evaluating these adverse effects is fundamental to developing criteria for conservation practice. Future research should prioritize the influence of cleaning and consolidation on the micromorphology and chemical composition of bone relics to ensure reliable preservation and analysis.