The mounting technology for the conservation of calligraphy and painting relics are used in both China and Japan, and paper is one of the main materials. The main paper used for traditional calligraphy and painting relics in China is rice paper, whereas the restoration papers used in Japan include Mino paper, Uto paper, and Misu paper. In this study, the raw materials, physical properties, microstructures, and chemical compositions of six types of restoration papers from China and Japan were compared. The result show that 1) the main components of rice paper were green sandalwood bark and straw, whereas the fibers of the three types of Japanese restoration papers were paper mulberry bark; 2) the rice paper has smaller vertical-horizontal differences in mechanical strength than the Japanese papers, but the latter feature better strength; 3) all the six types of papers met the requirements for safe contact with cultural relics. Both Chinese and Japanese restoration papers have their own characteristics, and the rich variety of Japanese restoration papers could provide certain reference for the customization of restoration papers in China.