Bamboo and wooden slips were the main carriers of ancient Chinese literature before the widespread use of paper. Due to the complex underground burial environments vulnerability to decay of bamboo and wood materials, and human factors in the process of excavation and after excavation, bamboo and wooden slip manuscripts often have many diseases. Based on the practice of conserving bamboo and wooden slips on the front line, the results of literature research, and the observation of a large number of bamboo and wooden slips, more in-depth, comprehensive, systematic, and accurate analysis and sorting of the disease types of bamboo and wooden slip manuscripts were conducted for the first time. The diseases of bamboo and wooden slip manuscripts can be divided into a total of 29 types, including blurred handwriting, soft rot, plaque, water logging, decay, crispy powder, discoloration, deformation, carbonization, etc. A brief summary was also made on the corresponding conservation measures for various types of diseases. Scientifically summarizing the types of diseases in bamboo and wooden slip manuscripts and the corresponding conservation measures has important reference value for understanding the preservation status of bamboo and wooden slips in a scientific way, clarifying the weak aspects of bamboo and wooden slip conservation, promoting the introduction of specialized disease classification and conservation industry standards for bamboo and wooden slips, and thus developing better conservation plans for bamboo and wooden slips.