In this study, scientific methods, including surgical microscopy, infrared photography, and macroscopic X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) scanning imaging for multiple surface scans, in combination with a Raman spectrometric fiber optic probe and the fiber optic reflectance spectrometer point testing method were used to test the painting of Pines and Cranes Rejuvenation Scroll by Giuseppe Castiglione, a famous Qing court painter. The results show that 1) the pigments used for the painting included carbon black, ochre, lead white, cinnabar, malachite and others; 2) in terms of toning, carbon black and ochre were mixed for drawing brunet contour lines and trees, and a Western painting tradition—the use of lead white for the base before the application of carbon black, malachite, cinnabar and other pigments for superficial color drawing of the main scene in a painting—was followed; 3) in terms of drawing techniques, the stereoscopic effect of painting was highlighted by the use of different pigments from the same color system, alteration of the ratio between pigments from the same color system, and application of different drawing methods. The combined use of multiple surface detection methods and point detection methods demonstrates the utility of using scientific research to obtain information about traditional Chinese scroll paintings, such as pigment types, toning methods, and drawing techniques. The analytical results are of great significance for revealing the value of works.