The extraction and transport of complex and fragile cultural relics or fossils is the most encountered technical problem in archaeological and paleontological excavation sites. Gypsum is one of the mostly commonly used consolidation materials on-site and plays an important role in the extraction and transportation of complex and fragile cultural heritage objects or fossils. However, gypsum contains a certain amount of soluble salts, and a large amount of water is always required during its heavily exothermic application process. All these are potentially harmful to cultural relics or fossils. Furthermore, gypsum is also very difficult to remove completely. In recent years, volatile temporary consolidation materials such as menthol and cyclododecane have attracted great attention and are more and more widely used in excavation sites. Their biggest advantage is that the material can be easily removed by sublimation without leaving a residue, and thus will not affect the subsequent archaeological research and protection work. However, the mechanical strength of organic compounds is normally weak, so that they are not suitable for extraction of large and heavy cultural relics or fossils. In view of the demand for the extraction and transport of complex, fragile, large, and heavy cultural relics or fossils at excavation sites, we propose a novel technical approach of composite application of menthol and gypsum. In this paper, the compatibility of gypsum and the organic small molecule, menthol, is examined. The laboratory results show that menthol can not only realize effective consolidation, but also can quickly form a dense hydrophobic isolation layer on the sample surface, which can effectively prevent the entry of water and soluble salts during the gypsum applying process. The heat generated by gypsum conversion will not affect the hydrophobic function of the menthol layer. The experimental results show that menthol and gypsum complement one another, and are expected to meet the extraction and transport needs of large and heavy cultural relics or fossils at excavation sites. Taking the consolidation and extraction of pterosaur fossils in Hami, Xinjiang as an example, a 20 kg fossil sample was consolidated and extracted on site. The results confirm that the gypsum and menthol composite technology can well consolidate and extract large and heavy samples while avoiding the damage of water and soluble salts to the fossils. Due to the existence of the menthol isolation layer, the gypsum can be removed completely. The overall outcome is satisfactory.