A great number of polychrome potteries (Canglou) were excavated from Han Dynasty tombs at Macun and Baizhuang in Jiaozuo. The polychrome potteries contain abundant information relevant to studies of the history and ancient culture of China. Polarized light microscopy was used to identify pigments, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal dilatometry, etc. were applied to analyze the composition, elements present, microscopic structure and phases of fragment samples. The results show that the pigments were mainly carbon black, bone white, cinnabar, iron oxide red and ultramarine, etc. The fragment samples were fired using local clay. They are sand-up potteries and the pottery structure is closely-grained. This study provides a lot of information for future conservation and restoration studies.