Modern instrumentation and analytical methods can provide disease information and evaluate effects of conservation on leather cultural relics, providing scientific bases for their conservation and restoration. This paper introduces the characteristics and advantages of some analytical technologies and methods, including surface, spectral, and thermal analysis, and combinations of these, as well as their respective applications in the conservation of leather cultural relics. The primary goals of this work are to conduct a systematic and comprehensive study of leather cultural relics, qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the effects of environmental factors on the physical and chemical properties and microstructures of leather cultural relics from both macro and micro perspectives, create a testing database and a standard disease gallery and establish an effect evaluation system in terms of deterioration and disease prevention and control of leather cultural relics to guide future development and show trends.