In our study, we analyzed the elemental content and distribution on the surface and at different sampling depths longitudinally and transversely, the phases of the sediments on the surface and the particles on the longitudinal and transverse sections of waterlogged archaeological wood, using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-confocal laser Raman spectrometry. The results show that waterlogged archaeological wood is rich in the elements, iron (Fe), sulfur (S) and calcium (Ca), and that the sediments containing these three elements are mainly composed of insoluble salts and other insoluble substances. The insoluble salts are mainly divided into two categories, namely, calcium salts (including sulfate, carbonate and phosphate), and iron sulfides (including troilite, pyrite and pyrrhotite). The other insoluble substances include various types of iron oxides (such as goethite, hematite and lepidocrocite, hydrated ferric oxide) and elemental sulfur, etc. The analytical results for these insoluble salts contribute to an understanding of the preventive control and effective removal of insoluble salts on or in waterlogged archaeological wood, especially those seriously harmful to the waterlogged archaeological wood.