Jade artifacts excavated from Moyishan Site in Zengcheng District were important archaeological findings in Guangzhou in 2016. In order to investigate the mechanism of weathering and to evaluate the state of preservation of the Moyishan jade, we analyzed the materials and structure of the Moyishan jade, using Raman spectrometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (SEM-EDX). The results confirm for the first time that the main material of the jade is tremolite. Moreover, we also analyzed the phase, composition and structure as well as pH value of the soil around the jade. Combining the analytical results of the jade and the soil and the climatic conditions of the site, we finally explored the alteration characteristics of the Moyishan jade in a strongly acidic environment. The study could help to enrich the understanding of the mechanism of weathering of jade, which will be conducive to formulating protective measures for loosing jade in a scientific way.