Exported oil painting is an important part of Chinese painting and occupies a special place in the history of Chinese painting. Digital microscopy, Xray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Xray spectroscopy (SEMEDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were applied in this research to analyze the physical appearance, state of conservation, and composition of oil paints from a Qing Dynasty export oil painting. The results indicate that the red pigments are mainly cinnabar with minor amounts of red ochre; the blue pigment is Prussian blue; the yellow pigments are mainly orpiment and mars yellow; and the white pigment is lead white. Furthermore, it was observed that some paint layers are cracking and lifting. Thus this research can provide valuable information for effective art protection and restoration. This information about artists’ materials and painting techniques is valuable for art history research.