Monitoring the safety of an artifact has always been a most complicated but significant task in the preservation of cultural relics. To ensure the structural safety of a canoe. with thousands of years of history, during its excavation, a wholeprocess monitoring method based on the technique of distributed optical fiber sensors is presented. Considering the situation of the project, the layout of optical fiber sensors is determined. By analyzing the monitoring data, the influences have been evaluated in the process of reinforcement and reversal of the canoe. Monitoring results show that the distributed optical fiber sensing technology can effectively capture the changes of structural changes in each process. And the analysis results show that the hull is still safe under the cultural relics protection. The effectiveness of this technique also proves its application in construction. This method is of great promotional merit as it significantly improves the current level of cultural relics protection.