There are a variety of painted cultural relics from the Han Yangling (Yang mausoleum of the Han Dynasty), some of them were in great condition when unearthed but some of them, however, were in bad shape. To conserve these relics scientifically, microscope and xray diffraction (XRD), based on literature information, were used to study four categories of relics. Results show that (1) The pottery warrior with painted clothes only has one pigment layer ; The earthenware and the wooden horse have three layers:putty layer, lacquer layer and pigment layer; (2) The lacquer has two or three lacquer puttylinen layers, more than two lacquer layers and two or three color layers;(3) The red pigments on the pottery warrior and the wooden horse are ochre; The red pigment on the lacquer ware is cinnabar. It is suggested that the polychromes with lacquer should be protected by preserving its moisture during excavation while doing conservation focused on shrinkagepreventing and consolidating of the object.