Ancient buildings are important non-renewable objects of cultural heritages with great cultural and economic values. Therefore, conservation and protection of ancient buildings is very necessary. Ancient Chinese buildings were mainly made of wood. Due to the low fire resistance rating of wooden structures, ancient Chinese buildings have always been faced with a great hidden danger-fire-so research on the performance of fireproofing for the wooden components of ancient buildings is extremely urgent. Three different types of wood and five different types of flame retardant were selected as research objects. The woods were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then various mechanical properties of the woods were tested. The results show that the performances of the woods sprayed with flame retardants are better than those of the woods without spraying. In particular, heterocyclic organophosphorus or phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardants could be used for unpainted wood components, phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardants are suitable for ordinary painted wood components and phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardants or flame-retardant oils are applicable to wooden components processed with tung oil.