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作者简介:

葛若晨(1997—),女,西北大学文化遗产学院考古学博士研究生,研究方向为古代有机残留物分析研究,E-mail: 201920411@stumail.nwu.edu.cn

通讯作者:

杨璐,男,教授,研究方向为彩绘类文物保护、文物残留物分析,E-mail: yanglu@nwu.edu.cn;

孙杰,女,副研究馆员,研究方向为陶瓷文物保护修复,E-mail: 350390583@qq.com

中图分类号:K854.3;K876.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2024)04-0032-08

DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20221102752

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目录contents

    摘要

    陶器上的古代粘接材料与陶器的修复工艺关系密切,是当时社会制陶水平的反映之一。本研究对成都新津宝资山汉代崖墓出土陶楼上的粘接材料进行了科技分析,使用了扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、激光粒度分析仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS),分别探究了该粘接材料中的无机和有机成分。结果表明:粘接材料的颗粒状态、大小和成分与黏土颗粒相似,推断其主要无机成分为黏土;红外吸收光谱在波数3431 cm-1、1670 cm-1和1419 cm-1的特征峰与酰胺基相吻合,氨基酸分析表明其有机成分含有由动物胶和蛋类混合而成的蛋白质类胶料。有机混合胶料黏性较高,弥补了单一胶料使用的不足,同时黏土可增加系统中的氢键密度,并起填充作用,这样的协同作用是该粘接材料在使用时具有强粘接力和一定稳定性的原因。但由于其耐久性差且与陶器整体风格不协调,推测该材料是在器物下葬前使用的一种临时粘接剂。同时,它的成分和用途与秦始皇陵兵马俑上的古粘接材料非常相似,这体现了汉代对秦代帝陵陪葬制度和制陶工艺的继承与沿革。研究结果为我国陶器修复历史的研究提供了资料,同时也为现代陶器的保护修复提供了科学依据。

    Abstract

    The ancient bonding materials on pottery are closely related to the repair process of pottery, and are one of the reflections of the level of pottery making in society at that time. In this study, we conducted a scientific and technological analysis on an ancient adhesive used for pottery buildings unearthed from the Han Dynasty cliff tombs at Baozishan, Xinjin District, Chengdu. The inorganic and organic components of the adhesive were investigated respectively using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser particle size analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results show that the particle state, size and composition of the adhesive were similar to those of clay particles, so it is inferred that its main inorganic component was clay. The characteristic peaks of FTIR spectrum at the wave numbers 3431 cm-1, 1670 cm-1 and 1419 cm-1 were consistent with the amide group. The result of amino acid analysis shows that its organic component contained a protein binder, a mixture of animal glue and egg. The organic mixed materials had a higher viscosity to make up for a single material, and the clay could increase the density of hydrogen bonds in the system and played a filling role. The synergistic effect of each component in the adhesive is the reason for its high adhesion and certain stability. However, due to its poor durability and incompatibility with the overall style of pottery, it is speculated that the material was a temporary adhesive. In addition, its composition and use were very similar to those of the ancient adhesive used for the Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors, which shows the inheritance and evolution of the burial system and pottery-making techniques of the Qin Dynasty in the Han Dynasties. The research results provide information for the study of the history of pottery restoration in China, and also provide a scientific basis for the conservation and restoration of contemporary pottery.

  • 0 引言

  • 新津宝资山墓群位于四川省成都市新津区邓双镇邓公社区宝资山。2018年4月,成都市文物考古工作队为配合原新津县“津津乐道”项目的开展,对宝资山墓群部分墓葬进行了考古发掘,其中在该墓群M293侧室中出土了两件通体彩绘的陶楼,陶楼出土时的情况如图1所示。汉代陶楼是将现实建筑进行微缩后的陶制模型明器,是当时丧葬文化的体现,同时也反映了汉代的建筑形制和制陶技术[1]

  • 在这两座陶楼上发现了一种土黄色的粘接物——位于陶楼的背面,被填充于陶体开裂的裂缝处并覆盖在裂缝之上。目前,对于我国古代粘接材料的专门研究仅有几例:在史前时期,古人使用天然粘接剂来固定组合工具[2-3];饶慧芸等[4]使用基于质谱的古蛋白质组学的方法检测了小河墓地发现的古代天然粘接剂,发现其为牛胶;粘接剂也在东周墓葬中的青铜剑上被发现,成小林等[5]分析认为其为虫胶;在我国秦汉时期的陶制品上曾发现了不同种类的胶黏剂,笔者等[6]曾对秦始皇兵马俑上有粘接功能的古代材料分析得知其由陶粉、动物胶和鸡蛋混合制成;魏书亚等[7]则在山东青州香山汉墓出土的陶马上发现了由钙类物质混合动物胶制成的粘接剂,笔者曾对其进一步分析,认为粘接剂中的钙元素来源于骨粉,同时混合黏土、动物胶制成;我国明清时期广泛使用植物胶黏剂(如蜂蜡等),以对镶嵌类文物的装饰部位进行粘贴和加固[8]。而对国外相关情况的研究包括:常发现史前人类将天然沥青、蜂蜡和其他树脂材料用于石器与木制手柄的连结[9-10]和陶瓷器的粘接[11-14];在古埃及地区也发现了古人使用纯石灰粘接刀片和木柄组装成工具的现象[15];使用“有机-无机”复合材料作为粘接剂的案例也有很多,如在距今6万年前的非洲南部,人们就已经会将赭石加入胶泥中,来粘接组装工具的连接处[16],类似的材料也被发现于加拿大西北部冰原中出土的古代武器上[17];此外,骨灰也可被作为添加剂与天然树脂混合制成粘接剂[18]。目前对于复合材料的机理研究较少,笔者[19]曾分析认为有机胶料的高黏性与无机颗粒的填充作用共同为材料提供了强粘接力。古人对于粘接剂的使用与对工具的组合和器物的修复行为密切关联,这些粘接剂的使用年代久远,形式多样,可为单一组分,也可由多种物质混合制成,这些物质既有有机物,又有无机物。本研究使用多种科学技术和试验方法,对宝资山汉代崖墓出土的两座陶楼上的粘接物进行分析,并讨论了其原料、性能等问题,以了解汉代陶器的粘接工艺,为同类型古代材料的研究提出线索,为陶器的保护修复工作提供依据。

  • 图1 陶楼出土时的照片

  • Fig.1 Photo of the unearthed pottery buildings

  • 1 样品描述

  • 样品取自陶楼2018XDBM293:32和陶楼2018XDBM293:33背部的裂缝处,将样品分别编号为TL01和TL02。使用手术刀将附着在裂缝处保存量极少的粉质物刮下,密封在玻璃小瓶中以待进一步分析。TL01和TL02均为土黄色的粉状物,取样位置和样品显微照片如图2所示。

  • 图2 取样位置和样品显微照片

  • Fig.2 Sampling locations and micrograph of the sample

  • 2 分析方法

  • 对样品TL01进行了以下全部分析;而由于TL02取样量极少,仅对其中的有机成分进行了氨基酸分析。

  • 2.1 扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)

  • 使用美国FEI公司的Quanta450 FEG场发射环境扫描电子显微镜,本次测试中加速电压为20 kV,束流为12 mA,束斑直径为4.0,模式为SE模式。使用英国Oxford公司生产的X-MaxN 50 X型射线能谱仪。将部分样品粘在导电胶上压实,置于干燥器中24 h后喷镀金粉100 s,之后放入样品仓观察。

  • 2.2 X射线衍射分析(XRD)

  • 使用日本Rigaku公司生产的Smart LAB旋转靶X射线衍射仪。本次测试中扫描范围为5°至90°,扫描速度为10°/min,电压为40 kW,电流为150 mA。将样品仔细研磨后进行测试。

  • 2.3 粒度分析

  • 采用珠海欧美克仪器有限公司生产的LS-909激光粒度分析仪,分散介质为水,遮光比在10%左右,分析范围在0.02~2 100 μm,进样器泵速为2 000 r/min,由于样品中有少许原始颗粒聚集而成的块状物,为避免其对颗粒粒径测试的影响,于测试前在仪器中对样品超声处理2 min将其分散。

  • 2.4 傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR)

  • 使用德国Bruker公司生产的LUMOS显微红外光谱仪采集样品的红外吸收光谱,样品及背景的扫描次数为64次,采集范围为4 000~500 cm-1,分辨率为4 cm-1。取少量样品在烘箱中干燥,之后置于玛瑙研钵中仔细研磨。给样品粉末中加入干燥的光谱纯KBr并混合均匀,将混合后的粉末放入压片模具中,在20 MPa的压力下压制成透明样片进行测试。

  • 2.5 气相色谱-质谱联用分析(GC-MS)

  • 采用美国Agilent公司生产的7890A-5975C气相色谱-质谱联用仪,配备有EI离子源和四极杆分析仪,色谱柱选用该公司的HP-5MS 30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm型色谱柱,压力为10 psi,流量为0.5 mL/min。进样口温度为250℃,压力为10 psi,总流量为18.5 mL/min,载气为He,进样量为2 μL。样品经200 μL、2.5 mol/L的氨水萃取之后,使用C4固相萃取纯化,并置于6 mol/L的盐酸中在真空下水解。水解温度在5 min内从室温上升到160℃并保持30 min。水解产物在氮气流中干燥,并使用N-叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基-N-甲基三氟乙酰胺(MTBSTFA)对样品进行衍生[20-21]。定量分析使用了内标溶液十六烷、N-亮氨酸和标准工作曲线法。

  • 3 分析结果

  • 3.1 SEM-EDS分析结果

  • TL01在扫描电子显微镜下的状态如图3所示:可观察到许多大小不一、棱角分明的颗粒(图3a);同时也存在一些还未解离的聚集体,其表面凹凸不平,可见多个颗粒的部分棱角(图3b)——说明该材料是由这些颗粒连结在一起构成的。使用能谱仪对其元素进行测试,表1显示了5个测试点的结果。TL01的主要元素为Si(质量分数52.88%~87.64%),其次是大量的Al(质量分数4.98%~19.06%)、Fe(质量分数3.12%~11.49%)和少量的Na、K、Ca、Mg,这与黏土或陶的元素特征相同,说明这些颗粒很可能是黏土颗粒,或是由陶研磨而来的。

  • 3.2 XRD分析结果

  • TL01的X射线衍射图谱如图4所示,由该图谱可知其主要物相为石英和长石,这些是黏土中常见的原生矿物,但同时这些矿物也会在陶制品中被检测出。另外,在该图谱中未发现氧化钙或碳酸钙等常见的无机胶结物质,说明将这些样品连结、聚集在一起的很可能是有机物。同时样品中并未发现莫来石和方英石等高温矿物相,所以若该材料是由陶研磨而来的,其烧制温度应在800℃以下[22]

  • 图3 TL01的扫描电子显微镜图像

  • Fig.3 SEM images of TL01

  • 表1 TL01中的主要元素及其质量分数

  • Table1 Elements of TL01 and their mass fractions

  • 图4 TL01的X射线衍射图谱

  • Fig.4 XRD pattern of TL01

  • 3.3 粒度分析结果

  • 对样品TL01的粒径进行分析,结果如图5所示。该样品颗粒粒径的平均值为235.520 μm,标准偏差为499.460 μm,D50值为22.137 μm,D97值为111.204 μm,颗粒较细。在陶器粘接剂的制作中使用精细颗粒,能使其在有机胶料中的填充效果增加,使粘接力增大,同时可以形成更加平整的胶黏层,使得粘接效果更美观。同时,样品的粒度呈正态分布,大部分颗粒分布在约5~50 μm,这与成都地区黏土的粒度特征相同[23],同时材料的颜色与天然黄土也非常相似,且能观察到圆润的石英颗粒等,这是黏土未被烧结时的矿物形态(图2e),所以可以认为该粘接材料直接取自天然黏土。

  • 3.4 FTIR分析结果

  • 图6是TL01的红外吸收光谱图。从该图中可以看到:样品在波数3 431 cm-1处存在一个明显的宽峰,这是由N—H的伸缩振动引起的;波数1670 cm-1附近的峰来自C=O的伸缩振动;波数1 419 cm-1处的峰可被归为C—N的伸缩振动。这些都与酰胺基(—NH—C=O—)的特征信号峰一一对应[4],说明样品中含有蛋白质类物质。除此以外,未发现其他种类有机物的明显特征峰。波数1 030 cm-1附近出现了一个较强的峰,这很可能是由于样品中黏土所含SiO2的Si—O的振动产生的。

  • 图5 TL01的粒径分布图

  • Fig.5 Grading distribution of particles in TL01

  • 图6 TL01的FTIR光谱图

  • Fig.6 FTIR spectrum of TL01

  • 3.5 GC-MS分析结果

  • 通过对TL01和TL02中的氨基酸分析可知,样品中的蛋白质总含量超过了定量限,本次测试的定量分析有效,样品中含有一定的蛋白质,蛋白质占比平均为0.0055%。表2列出了样品中各氨基酸的占比,据此可知:TL01和TL02的氨基酸占比相似,都检测出了动物胶的特征氨基酸Hyp;同时样品中甘氨酸Gly的占比较高,分别为20.72%和22.32%,高含量的Gly是动物胶的显著特征[624];此外,样品中的天冬氨酸Asp、谷氨酸Glu含量较高,这符合蛋类的氨基酸特征[625]。为了进一步分析,将TL01、TL02和225个标准参考样品(动物胶、蛋类和奶类)的11种氨基酸的占比视为变量,使用SPSS软件进行因子分析,得到前两个公因子PC1和PC2累计贡献率为80.23%,说明这两个公因子能较好表征原始数据信息,将其分别作为横轴和纵轴做出因子得分散点图[26-27](图7),从该图中可以看出样品聚集在蛋类的周围,且TL01几乎完全落在蛋类的分布区域,再一次说明样品中含有蛋类的蛋白质。因子分析的载荷矩阵图可以反应原变量与公因子的关系,由图8可知Gly和Hyp是造成TL01和TL02相对蛋类向X轴负向发生微小偏移的影响因素,这也再次说明样品中同时含有动物胶[2428]。另外,TL02向Y轴正向偏移,这是因为受丝氨酸Ser的影响,TL02中检测出较多的Ser,这是古代氨基酸分析中常见的现象,推测可能是由于样品的长年老化导致其他氨基酸的流失,或由于地下水等环境中的污染物对样品的污染所致[24]。综上,TL01和TL02中的有机物种类相同,都为动物胶和蛋类的混合物。

  • 表2 样品中的氨基酸占比

  • Table2 Proportions of amino acids in the samples

  • 注:英文缩写分别代表丙氨酸(Ala)、甘氨酸(Gly)、缬氨酸(Val)、亮氨酸(Leu)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、丝氨酸(Ser)、脯氨酸(Pro)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)、天冬氨酸(Asp)、谷氨酸(Glu)和羟脯氨酸(Hyp)。

  • 图7 样品中氨基酸分析因子得分散点图

  • Fig.7 Scatter plot of factor scores for analysis of amino acids in the samples

  • 图8 因子载荷矩阵图

  • Fig.8 Factor loading matrix plot

  • 4 讨论

  • 成都新津宝资山汉代崖墓出土陶楼背面附着的粘接材料为“有机-无机”复合材料,其中无机物为黏土,有机物为动物胶和蛋类的混和物。这样的粘接材料具有多种优势。使用有机胶料作为基质,是因为其黏性较高,能为材料提供较好的粘接力,同时固化速度快,能达到快速粘接的目的。混合使用动物胶和蛋类物质,使得材料同时具有两种蛋白质的优点:胶原蛋白分子可以形成巨大的三维网状结构,使得粘接剂具有很强的胶黏力;蛋类在为材料提供粘接力的同时,可以调节材料的流动性,使材料表面更加平整;同时由于两种蛋白质具有不同的二级结构和三维结构,这增加了复合材料的组分,使系统更加稳定。笔者等[6]曾分析了该陶楼表面的彩绘,发现彩绘中的胶料与粘接物中的胶料一致,同时秦兵马俑上的粘接物也含有相同的有机物,这说明混合使用两种或两种以上蛋白质来制成粘接材料的现象在秦汉时期较为普遍。这种灵活运用材料的协同和互补作用的现象也存在于传统粘蜡胶中[8],如在松香中加入适量的蜂蜡就可弱化松香耐老化性和耐候性不佳的缺陷。使用黏土作为骨料可以极大地增加材料的粘接力。蛋白质分子表面有许多极性基(如氨基、酰氨基、羧基、羟基等),这些都能与黏土中SiO2中的氧以氢键形式结合,这大大增加了系统中氢键的密度,使得材料粘接力增加。同时,黏土的填充作用限制了有机物在固化过程中的形变,使得粘接剂能在陶体上更稳定地发挥作用,例如在现代的文物修复中,药用滑石粉或玻璃微晶粉也会作为骨料,被加入有机高分子胶黏剂中调制成补全填料[29]。在材料学中,对于“基质-骨料”型材料的开发应用案例也有很多,之后在文物修复材料的选择和使用中,可以充分借鉴材料学的研究成果,在古代粘接剂的基础上进行各组分的改性和重组,以实现对该传统工艺的科学化开拓。

  • 同时该古代粘接材料也有一定的缺陷。由于有机物的存在,它较易受温度、湿度和霉菌的影响,材料中的蛋白质在埋藏环境下会快速流失,所以目前陶楼上的粘接物已成粉末状,推测该粘接剂只是用来临时固定陶器,以保持其在下葬时的完好状态。另外,由于其骨料为黏土,而黏土的颜色和该陶楼的差异很大,这使得粘接剂与陶体本身的风格并不和谐,虽然起到了粘接效果,但也破坏了陶楼的整体美观性。这可能是因为相对于使用与陶楼颜色相近但需要费时费力进行打碎、研磨才能制成的陶粉,直接取用黏土更加方便,这也从侧面说明了该粘接材料是陶楼被埋藏前的一种临时粘接剂。

  • 对陶瓷器的修复工艺自古就有。《景德镇陶录》中就记载:“粘碗盏法,用未蒸熟面筋入筛,净细石灰少许,杵数百下,忽化开入水,以之粘定缚牢,阴干。”[30]同时,使用鸡蛋清加入粉状物质作为粘接剂的工艺也在我国古代出现——“凡又瓷器破损,或用糯米粥和鸡子清,研极胶粘,入粉少许,再研以粘瓷损处,亦固。”[30]“粘官窑器皿法,用鸡子清匀掺石灰,捉清另放。”[30]除了使用粘接剂,古人还会使用到锔钉法来修补瓷器[31]。成都汉代陶楼上的粘接材料为古代陶瓷器的修复工艺提供了实物证据,是我国修复历史的直接资料。西汉在建立之初即承秦制,在经济、法律、手工艺和帝陵陪葬等方面都大体保留了秦朝原有的制度,该陶楼上的粘接材料与秦兵马俑的古粘接剂在成分和使用方式上都非常相似,这两者之间必然有工艺上的联系,该材料的发现也是“汉承秦制”在陶制品制作、修复和埋葬过程中的体现。

  • 5 结论

  • 本研究通过对成都新津宝资山汉代崖墓出土陶楼上粘接材料的科学分析,认为该材料的主要成分为黏土、动物胶和蛋类,是一种“有机-无机物”复合使用的粘接剂。该材料中存在两种蛋白质之间的协同作用,同时使用黏土作为骨料可以起到填充作用,这使得该粘接剂在被使用时同时具强粘接力、光滑的表面和高稳定性。但作为一种在陶楼被埋藏前临时使用的材料,它的修复效果并不美观,且其本身容易老化。总体来说,成都新津宝资山汉代崖墓中发现的这种材料具有优异的临时粘接性能,这是当时工匠累积经验、灵活借鉴的成果。该材料为我国古代陶瓷器修复史的研究提供了资料,为古代修复工艺的探索提供了参考。其部分原料与秦俑上粘接材料成分相同、用途相似,则两者的制作和使用工艺必定有直接联系,这体现着汉代在陪葬制度和制陶工艺上对秦代的借鉴和传承。同时,现代陶瓷器修复材料的开发与筛选也可借鉴该古代粘接剂,以实现“古为今用”。

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