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作者简介:

汪静怡(1997—),女,考古学专业博士研究生,研究方向为环境考古,E-mail:wangjingyi@ivpp.ac.cn

通讯作者:

吴妍(1982—),女,研究员,研究方向为环境考古,E-mail:wuyan@ivpp.ac.cn

中图分类号:K871.13

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2024)01-0170-06

DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20231203108

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目录contents

    摘要

    新石器时代先民对植物资源利用一直是学界研究的热点问题。橄榄属植物是广西地区重要植物资源,然而有关橄榄属的系统研究十分缺乏。本文系统综述了国内外所发现的橄榄属遗存及其研究方法,进一步强调了拓宽识别方法对橄榄属遗存研究的重要性。本文对橄榄属遗存及其研究方法的梳理,不仅有助于理解新石器时代广西地区先民对橄榄属植物的利用情况,也为解读橄榄属植物在这一地区的驯化史、环境史提供重要信息。

    Abstract

    The utilization of plant resources by the ancestors in the Neolithic Age has always been a hot issue in academic research. Canarium is an important plant resource in Guangxi, but there is a lack of systematic research on Canarium. This paper systematically reviews the Canarium remains found at home and abroad and research methods for them, and further emphasizes the importance of broadening identification methods for Canarium remains research. By combing the Canarium remains and research methods for them, this paper not only helps to understand the utilization of Canarium plants by the ancestors in Guangxi during the Neolithic Age, but also provides important information for interpreting the domestication history and environmental history of Canarium plants in this region.

  • 0 引言

  • 橄榄属(Canarium)植物常见于热带-亚热带季雨林、常绿阔叶林等暖湿环境中,广泛分布于中国南部、东南亚、非洲热带及大洋洲东北部太平洋岛屿等地区[1-2]。部分橄榄属植物可提供优质的木材、树脂,果实营养丰富并具有医用价值[3-5],相关遗存在新石器时代早期就已出现在诸遗址中[6-7]。橄榄属植物自中新世中期以来即是亚热带季风雨林或亚热带常绿阔叶林的组成要素[8],是反映显著暖湿气候环境的一种重要指标,可以应用其判定广西地区考古遗址的气候环境背景[9]。它们在广西地区何时被人为种植、驯化,则是值得进一步深入发掘、研究的重要科学问题。

  • 国内外学者对遗址中发现的橄榄属植物十分重视。但是由于橄榄属植物分布范围较广——跨越数个植物地理区系和人类文化族群,因此被不同地区先民所利用的物种也存在较为明显的差异。以大洋洲东北部为例,研究者通过大植物遗存、孢粉分析及植硅体分析等方法对当地早期人类活动遗存中发现的橄榄属植物进行研究后认为,橄榄属植物在当地的农业体系中被作为坚果类经济作物种植[10],其类型包括在大洋洲东北部多见的印度橄榄(Canarium indicum)、所罗门橄榄(C.salomonense)、汤加橄榄(C.harveyi)、广布橄榄(C.vulgare)、卵果橄榄(C.ovatum)等[11-13]。而在中国南部地区广泛分布的橄榄属植物则与大洋洲东北部地区完全不同,主要包括7种,分别为橄榄(C.album)、乌榄(C.pimela)、方榄(C.bengalense)、小叶榄(C.parvum)、毛叶榄(C.subulatum)、滇榄(C.strictum)和越榄(C.tonkinense),其中橄榄与乌榄在遗址中最为常见[14-16]

  • 末次冰期结束后,全新世全球气候快速转暖,进入新石器时代的古人类在该阶段利用植物的方式也随着环境变化快速转变[17-18]。以往国内外学者的研究重点是以黄河流域[19]及长江流域[20]为中心诞生的两大农业中心区[21]。近年来,随着植物考古工作的不断深入,对珠江流域的史前生业模式的研究也逐步展开[22-23]。在谷物类作物[24]传入这一区域之前,先民在利用哪些植物?他们是否对这些植物进行种植与驯化?学者们根据考古出土遗物开展了大量的植物考古研究工作,对揭示珠江流域的发展历史和环境演化具有重要意义[25-26]。由于地处亚热带南部,珠江流域的植物资源非常丰富,因此相对于我国其他地区,人类可利用的植物资源较多,橄榄属就是其中非常重要的类型[27]

  • 橄榄属植物在晚渐新世就有化石记录存在于广西永宁组地层,是我国的本土植物之一[8]。橄榄属植物本身对人类十分重要,在广西考古遗址中常见的橄榄与乌榄的果实,均极富营养与功用[28]。橄榄可直接食用以获取能量,其根、叶、花、果、核含抗氧化性成分[6],且均可入药,有清热、利咽、祛痰、消炎、解毒等功效[29]。乌榄果肉可以制作腌渍食物,橄仁富含蛋白质和脂肪[7]。这说明,新石器时代的广西地区先民食用这类核仁可以获取蛋白质和脂肪等营养[28]。此外,乌榄果肉还作为一种可食用植物染料,在越南被广泛使用[30]。橄榄属植物的树干则是古人类较易获取的建筑材料,而同时产生的树脂也被广泛利用[3],如在新石器晚期被发现于大石铲遗址中[15]——可能用于祭祀[14]。由此可见,部分橄榄属植物是热带-亚热带早期人类生产生活中的重要组成。

  • 本文试图通过对新石器时代广西地区橄榄属的考古及相关成果的梳理,概述已有的成果并提出未来需要开展的工作,为推动相关研究的深入开展提供一些参考。

  • 1 广西考古遗址中橄榄属植物的发现情况

  • 广西地区气候温暖湿润、地理环境多山地洞穴、河岸阶地,丰富的动植物资源为史前人类提供了较为优质的生存环境[31-33]。经统计,广西地区目前发现的新石器时代遗址已达400余处,这些遗址广泛分布于岩溶洞穴、河旁台地、丘陵山坡及沿海港湾[34]。大量史前人类活动证据及考古遗址被发现于此,为开展植物考古工作提供了大量材料。随着浮选法[35]的普及,诸遗址陆续展开植物考古工作。然而,由于广西地区土壤主要为酸性,化学风化强烈,不利于有机质遗存的保存,这一地区的大植物遗存保存欠佳[36-37]。目前,已发表开展植物考古浮选工作的遗址仅十余处,其中贝丘遗址中均发现有橄榄属大植物遗存。依据已发表的考古工作,一定数量的碳化橄榄属植物遗存见于新石器时代的灰窑田遗址、石船头遗址、豹子头遗址、那北咀遗址、百达遗址、革新桥遗址、鲤鱼坡遗址、塘底冲遗址、谷红岭遗址、独料遗址、石脚山遗址和利老遗址,共12个遗址中。

  • 进行系统浮选的新石器时代早期遗址共6处,均为邕江流域河旁贝丘遗址。新石器时代早期遗址包括豹子头遗址[38]、那北咀遗址、石船头遗址[39]及灰窑田遗址[27]:豹子头遗址(11 395—9 157 a BP)共浮选土样40 L,其中橄榄属果壳遗存共17个,占总果壳碎片的8.5%;石船头遗址(11 259—10 438 a BP)共浮选土样45 L,其中橄榄属果壳遗存9个,占总果壳碎片的6.5%;那北咀遗址(10 229—9 556 a BP)共浮选土样40 L,其中橄榄属果壳遗存共22个,占总果壳碎片的11.2%;灰窑田遗址(9 120—8 205 a BP)共浮选土样135 L,其中橄榄果壳遗存共13个,占总果壳碎片的0.7%。新石器时代中期遗址共2处,分别为鲤鱼坡遗址及塘底冲遗址[27]:鲤鱼坡遗址(8 032—7 321 a BP)共浮选土样45 L,其中橄榄属果壳遗存共4个,占总果壳碎片的5.4%;塘底冲遗址(7 970—7 692 a BP)共浮选土样32 L,其中橄榄属果壳遗存共35个,占总果壳碎片的5.9%。

  • 经统计在现有已开展浮选工作并发现橄榄属植物的新石器早中期的遗址中,植物果壳分布占较大比重,说明橄榄属植物果实是该时期史前先民普遍采集、利用的对象之一。遗址中出土的碳化橄榄属果实遗存多为碎片,说明该时期先民可能会利用工具取食橄榄属果实的核仁。

  • 另外,部分遗址采用手工采集的方法,对灰坑中出土的橄榄遗存进行采集、统计工作。在谷红岭遗址的3个灰坑中均发现有碳化的完整橄榄果核,其中仅1号灰坑就发现有40颗完整的碳化果核,且其直接测年结果与遗址年代相吻合[27]

  • 在百达遗址发现了橄榄核[40],在革新桥遗址则出土了大量的橄榄核碎片以及完整的橄榄核,部分石砧器身上有橄榄形凹坑[16],其形状和大小基本与出土的橄榄核一样,说明这类石砧极有可能被用于加工橄榄属植物果实。独料遗址[41]、利老遗址[27]及石脚山遗址[42]虽未进行系统的浮选及手工采集工作,但在发掘过程中已于地层堆积中发现碳化橄榄核及果核炭屑,说明这些遗址中也存在先民利用橄榄属植物的物证。

  • 2 广西橄榄属植物的研究方法

  • 目前广西各遗址中橄榄属遗存发现与研究仍在起步阶段,遗址中发现的大植物遗存主要采用形态学分析,遗址地层中发现的橄榄属孢粉则被用于古环境指标的鉴定。

  • 2.1 大植物遗存分析法

  • 大植物遗存分析往往建立于14C测年的年代框架下。随着科技考古的发展,广西诸遗址广泛开展14C测年工作。基于年代学分析可以较为准确地认识遗址中出土的碳化植物遗存所属年代,而碳化植物遗存的直接测年结果则可以更为精准地反映其年代信息(表1)。

  • 表1 出土橄榄属植物遗存的广西各遗址测年数据

  • Table1 Dating results of the sites in Guangxi where Canarium remains were found

  • 遗址地层中的碳化植物遗存主要采用浮选法提取[3543-45]。碳化物质在干燥的情况下比重略小于水,因此将用于浮选的土壤样品放入水中便可使碳化植物遗骸脱离土壤浮出水面进而被提取[35]。碳化植物遗存可以较好地保存植物的原本形态,所以通过对其研究鉴定即可获悉遗址中出土植物遗存的具体种属[46]。对遗址大植物遗存的研究主要分为宏观分析与微观分析两方面。

  • 宏观分析方法主要有形态学分析、几何形态学分析方法[47-48]。国内学者对广西地区橄榄属植物果核研究采用了现代过程的形态学分析,将数个考古遗址中出土的橄榄核遗存与现生不同种类的橄榄属植物果壳进行果壳厚度对比,从而推测古人类对橄榄属果实的选择行为[27]。目前,在国际上也有学者对碳化种子遗存进行几何形态学分析,这种方法可以较为直观地反映其驯化程度[49]。有学者曾采用几何形态学方法对油橄榄(Olea europaea L.)进行研究,将考古遗址中的油橄榄核与现代栽培品种的油橄榄核进行比较,发现在地中海西北部地区有早期的本地油橄榄驯化[50]。后续研究中可采用几何形态学方法对广西遗址中完整的橄榄属果核遗存进行分析,探讨其驯化程度。

  • 微观视角下对大植物遗存可以采用显微结构分析,探索其表皮结构从而判断种类。在光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜下观察可以判断木炭[51-52]、种子表皮等植物结构了解其种属[53]。目前广西地区考古遗址中橄榄属大植物遗存的微观研究尚未开展。在新几内亚地区,研究者对一件史前时期石砧表面残留物进行扫描电子显微镜分析,经鉴定其为橄榄属内果皮[54],从而进一步推测史前人类应用石砧对橄榄果壳加工处理以获取富含营养的榄仁。在广西地区橄榄属植物遗存研究的后续工作中也可以尝试对遗址中石器表面残留物进行相关分析。

  • 2.2 微体遗存分析法

  • 橄榄属植物通常异交,但花粉产量较低[3]。如果树木在更普遍的森林破坏中被选择性地保存,那么花粉可能会相对于其他树木增加,从而间接证明橄榄属植物被人类选择性地保护起来进行驯化。国外学者通过考察苏门答腊岛北部的花粉证据,探讨了橄榄属植物被人类种植与驯化的时间结点。目前广西地区橄榄属植物的微体遗存分析工作开展较少,仅见包含橄榄科孢粉的古环境分析[9]

  • 国际上对考古遗址中橄榄属遗存的研究工作主要集中开展于东南亚及大洋洲东北部诸遗址。学者主要采用大植物遗存分析方法及微体化石分析方法对其开展研究。除此之外,在东南亚地区,学者应用扫描电子显微镜分析方法对石器表面的橄榄属残留物进行认定;在巴布亚新几内亚加鲁瓦岛FAO遗址的研究中,学者对橄榄属植物植硅体进行了初步探索,通过对当地常见的经济作物印度橄榄进行植硅体形态的现代过程实验,学者发现并记录其植硅体形态,从而对遗址地层中的植硅体进行比对,识别出考古遗址地层中的印度橄榄植硅体[55]。目前,中国南部常见的橄榄属植物如橄榄、乌榄在微体研究方面开展工作较少,后续研究中可尝试开展对现生橄榄、乌榄的植硅体及淀粉粒认定,进行现代过程试验,得到对应种类的微体形态数据与古代样品进行比对。由此可从古人类遗物诸如石器、陶器等表面的残留物中找寻线索,丰富橄榄属植物植硅体及淀粉粒的认定,探究橄榄属植物为人类利用的历史,也为区域古环境重建提供帮助。

  • 3 结论

  • 橄榄属植物是古人类利用的重要植物资源也是反映古环境的重要指标,值得对其进行研究,而深入了解目前广西地区橄榄属植物的研究情况有助于理解东亚地区人类利用橄榄属植物的历史。目前橄榄属植物研究主要通过与大遗存相关的方法进行,在微体和微形态方面开展的工作较少或缺失。今后需开展现代过程试验探索常见的与人类密切相关的橄榄属植物种类植硅体和淀粉粒,建立分析鉴定的标准,进一步拓宽遗址中橄榄属植物的识别方法,以解读橄榄属植物在这一地区的驯化史、环境史。

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