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作者简介:

陈秀秀(1994—),女,2020年硕士毕业于上海大学文化遗产保护基础科学研究院文物保护材料专业,E-mail:1125169469@qq.com

通讯作者:

黄晓,E-mail:xhuang@shu.edu.cn;

汪筱林,E-mail:wangxiaolin@ivpp.ac.cn

中图分类号:K878

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-1538(2021)06-0124-08

DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20200601780

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目录contents

    摘要

    复杂而且脆弱的文物或化石的提取和搬迁是考古或化石发掘现场最常见的技术难题。采用石膏对这些文物或化石进行现场固型再提取是常用的应急性保护手段之一,对此类文物或化石的提取和搬迁具有重要作用。但石膏含有可溶盐,应用时需引入水,并大量放热,对文物或化石有潜在危害,而且石膏难以完全去除。

    近年来,薄荷醇、环十二烷等可挥发性临时固型材料受到了极大关注,被越来越多地应用在发掘现场。其最大的优点就是固型材料可以通过升华轻易被去除,无残留,不会影响后续的考古研究和保护工作。但是有机物小分子固化后强度偏低,不适合较大较重文物或化石的固型提取。

    针对考古发掘现场复杂脆弱而且较大、重的文物或化石的提取和搬迁需求,提出了新型临时固型材料薄荷醇和石膏复合应用的现场固型提取技术体系。本工作研究了石膏和有机小分子薄荷醇的相容性和匹配性,实验室研究结果显示薄荷醇除了在样品表面实现有效固型,还能快速在模拟样品表面形成一层致密的疏水隔离层,有效地阻止石膏加固过程中水和可溶盐的进入;而且实验数据显示石膏放热不影响薄荷醇疏水隔离层的功能。实验结果显示薄荷醇和石膏二者性能互补,有望满足发掘现场对大、重文物或化石的固型提取需求。

    以新疆哈密翼龙化石的现场发掘提取为例,采用薄荷醇/石膏复合材料体系现场固型并提取一块约20 kg重的化石样品,结果证实石膏和薄荷醇复合使用技术可以很好地固型并提取较大较重的样品,同时避免了水和可溶盐对化石的破坏,而由于薄荷醇隔离层的存在,石膏的去除也非常彻底,整体固型提取效果良好。

    Abstract

       The extraction and transport of complex and fragile cultural relics or fossils is the most encountered technical problem in archaeological and paleontological excavation sites. Gypsum is one of the mostly commonly used consolidation materials on-site and plays an important role in the extraction and transportation of complex and fragile cultural heritage objects or fossils. However, gypsum contains a certain amount of soluble salts, and a large amount of water is always required during its heavily exothermic application process. All these are potentially harmful to cultural relics or fossils. Furthermore, gypsum is also very difficult to remove completely.In recent years, volatile temporary consolidation materials such as menthol and cyclododecane have attracted great attention and are more and more widely used in excavation sites. Their biggest advantage is that the material can be easily removed by sublimation without leaving a residue, and thus will not affect the subsequent archaeological research and protection work. However, the mechanical strength of organic compounds is normally weak, so that they are not suitable for extraction of large and heavy cultural relics or fossils.

       In view of the demand for the extraction and transport of complex, fragile, large, and heavy cultural relics or fossils at excavation sites, we propose a novel technical approach of composite application of menthol and gypsum. In this paper, the compatibility of gypsum and the organic small molecule, menthol, is examined. The laboratory results show that menthol can not only realize effective consolidation, but also can quickly form a dense hydrophobic isolation layer on the sample surface, which can effectively prevent the entry of water and soluble salts during the gypsum applying process. The heat generated by gypsum conversion will not affect the hydrophobic function of the menthol layer. The experimental results show that menthol and gypsum complement one another, and are expected to meet the extraction and transport needs of large and heavy cultural relics or fossils at excavation sites.

       Taking the consolidation and extraction of pterosaur fossils in Hami, Xinjiang as an example, a 20 kg fossil sample was consolidated and extracted on site. The results confirm that the gypsum and menthol composite technology can well consolidate and extract large and heavy samples while avoiding the damage of water and soluble salts to the fossils. Due to the existence of the menthol isolation layer, the gypsum can be removed completely. The overall outcome is satisfactory.

  • 0 引言

  • 考古或古生物发掘现场脆弱遗迹众多,如何将文物或化石安全有效地提取到实验室开展后续的研究和保护工作,是文物或化石的发掘现场保护的重点和难点[1-4]。从20世纪50年代开始石膏提取法在发掘现场广泛应用,石膏提取是发掘现场脆弱遗迹固型提取一种行之有效的方法[5-13]。该方法借助石膏的强度,把文物和周边的泥土一起加固并提取出来[8]。但是石膏固型提取法也存在一些自身难以克服的缺点:1)商品化的石膏含有一定的可溶盐,即便是分析纯的石膏也含有少量的氯盐;同时石膏在应用过程使用大量水,而水和盐是造成文物或化石破坏最重要的因素[14-21]。2)熟石膏转化成生石膏时放出大量热,可能对温度敏感的文物/化石造成潜在影响。3)在后期,石膏需要机械法去除,一方面容易伤害到脆弱的文物或化石,另一方面很难完全去除。

  • 近年来,以环十二烷、薄荷醇为代表的临时固型材料由于其优异的可去除性在考古和古生物发掘现场越来越受到关注[22-28]。此类材料以熔体、溶液或气雾剂的形态,采用刷涂、滴加、喷涂等手段施加在文物、化石表面,材料渗透进入文物本体的孔隙后,因冷却或溶剂挥发固化并与文物形成具有一定力学强度的复合体,从而起到固型和封护的作用。待文物被提取、运输到实验室或博物馆后,在自然状态下,此类材料因饱和蒸汽低可在常温常压下通过升华方式自动去除。但是临时固型材料也存在一个明显的缺陷,与石膏法相比,临时固型材料作为有机小分子,其固化后的机械强度偏低,其抗压强度[23]和抗冲击强度[29]远低于石膏。因此临时固型材料应用于相对较大、较重的文物时加固强度不够。

  • 为解决较大较重文物或化石在发掘现场的临时固型和提取,设想将石膏和临时固型材料复合使用,发挥两类材料各自的优点,弥补短板。但是临时固型材料熔点较低,石膏固化时放热,是否会使其熔化或升华,破坏其封护固型效果。临时固型材料能否隔离石膏应用时带来的水盐问题,减少石膏对文物的潜在危害并有助于石膏去除。为了解决上述问题,本工作以薄荷醇为临时固型材料,设计了一套石膏与薄荷醇复合使用的新工艺,即薄荷醇与文物接触作为内层临时固型封护材料,而石膏在外层作为高强度的支撑材料。首先在实验室开展了可行性研究,然后在实验室研究结果基础上,以一块约20kg的新疆哈密翼龙化石为对象开展了现场示范应用。

  • 1 实验部分

  • 1.1 实验药品与设备

  • L-薄荷醇(L-Menthol)(阿拉丁试剂公司,纯度98%,mp 44℃);A型变色硅胶(鑫昶来硅胶有限公司);熟石膏粉(北京海贝思公司;超硬超白快固型)。石膏固化过程样品温度变化采用探针式温度计(Mitir公司);力学性能测试在INSTRON 5500R万能材料试验机进行。

  • 1.2 实验方法

  • 薄荷醇采用熔融法,在本实验中熔体温度保持60℃。石膏与水的比例参照石膏使用说明书的标准(23mL/100g),将石膏粉与水以该比例混合搅拌制成石膏浆[30]。因为硅胶具有较好的水指示作用,所以使用变色硅胶模拟文物本体,观察可逆去除封护固型材料对石膏浆中水的防护作用。防护效果较好时,硅胶仍为蓝色;防护效果较差时硅胶变红。

  • 1.2.1 不同厚度石膏一次浇注成型放热测试与薄荷醇封护加固效果的验证

  • 在塑料杯底部平铺一层A型变色硅胶。第一组将薄荷醇熔体滴加到硅胶上,使薄荷醇完全覆盖硅胶,且液面高于硅胶面大约5mm,薄荷醇完全固化后待用。第二组实验对照组使用聚乙烯保鲜膜将硅胶层完全密封。第三组空白对照不做任何处理,使硅胶层完全暴露。将石膏浆一次性浇注进塑料杯中,控制石膏的厚度分别为1cm、3cm、5cm,使用探针温度计记录石膏最低层在石膏硬化过程中的温度变化。在环境温度为15℃和25℃下进行实验。待石膏完全固化,切开加固材料观测硅胶颜色变化,确定薄荷醇的封护效果。

  • 1.2.2 相同厚度石膏多次浇注成型固化温度与薄荷醇加固效果的验证

  • 薄荷醇加固硅胶的方法同上。石膏浆的浇注方法则分次进行。第一组将石膏浆一次性浇注在薄荷醇面上,厚度为5cm;第二组将同质量的石膏浆分两次浇注在薄荷醇硅胶样品上,每次石膏厚度控制在2cm、3cm;第三组将石膏浆分三次浇注在薄荷醇硅胶样品上,每次石膏的厚度分别控制在2cm、2cm、1cm。多次浇注操作均是在前一次加入的石膏浆完全硬化后再进行下一次浇注。使用探针温度计记录石膏与薄荷醇接触面在石膏硬化过程中的温度变化。该实验在环境温度为25℃下进行。待石膏完全固化,切开加固材料观测硅胶颜色变化,确定薄荷醇的封护效果。

  • 1.2.3 浇注次数对石膏加固强度的影响

  • 在35mm×35mm×35mm的模具内浇注石膏,分别做一次浇注成型和三次浇注成型(三次浇注每次厚度控制为2cm、2cm、1cm)。使用INSTRON 5500R万能试验机分别测试石膏试块的抗压强度,位移速度为0.5mm/min。测试方向如图1所示。

  • 图1 压缩实验测试示意图

  • Fig.1 Scheme of compression test

  • 2 结果与讨论

  • 2.1 石膏硬化过程的放热

  • 根据图2和图4显示熟石膏硬化分为以下几个阶段:第一阶段为前10min左右,石膏与水接触释放出溶解热,水化温度升高,但在一定时间内水化温度增长缓慢;第二阶段为10~25min加速期,水化温度迅速升高;第三阶段为25min以后,该段水化速率减慢,此阶段前半段虽然升温速度下降,但是石膏固化放热量大于整体散热量会出现温度峰值,后半段放热量小于散热量,温度逐渐降低[10]。水化温度的加速阶段对应于石膏初凝到终凝时期,温度峰值出现在终凝时间之后。之后温度开始下降,最终与室温一致。石膏在硬化过程中同时也会释放部分水分。

  • 图2 环境温度15℃,不同厚度的石膏硬化过程温度变化曲线

  • Fig.2 Temperature change profiles of gypsum hardening process with different thickness at the ambient temperature of 15℃

  • 2.1.1 石膏硬化过程中的放热以及薄荷醇的防水效果

  • 在环境温度15℃时,不同厚度下石膏硬化过程中放热导致的温度随时间的变化见图2。由图2空白组、实验组和对照组均可以直观地看出,在硬化过程中温度变化即石膏所放出放热量与石膏的用量有直接的关系。相同面积下,石膏越厚,放热量越多。实验组石膏厚度为1cm时,温度最高为32℃;石膏厚度为3cm时,温度最高为42℃;石膏厚度为5cm时,温度最高为45℃,此时薄荷醇层有少许熔化(薄荷醇熔点44℃)。1~5cm石膏固化最高温度出现在施工在30~40min,随后温度开始呈线性下降。去掉石膏层后,如图3a所示发现实验组的硅胶层均为蓝色,无颜色变化。证明在薄荷醇表面施工5cm以内的石膏时,薄荷醇具有较好的封护和隔绝效果。

  • 由图2和表1也可以看出,在石膏厚度5cm情况下,对照组-PE膜隔离模拟文物、空白组-模拟文物不隔离的温度略高于实验组-薄荷醇隔离模拟的温度。因为5cm石膏固化放热温度高于薄荷醇熔点,薄荷醇融化吸收部分热量,缓解石膏放热对内部文物的影响,所以在石膏施工较厚的情况下薄荷醇可以作为热量缓冲层减小高温对文物本体的影响。如图3b所示,在规则样品上聚乙烯薄膜可以有效防止水分的进入。但很多文物、化石形状都不规则,且表面是粗糙不平的,聚乙烯薄膜层很难与文物表面完全贴合,防水盐效果可能达不到要求。另外,聚乙烯膜对文物表层无任何加固功能,在搬迁或后期去除石膏过程中可能会发生摩擦、位移导致文物损毁。在图3b中得以证实,石膏去除后,硅胶颗粒完全是散落的状态。

  • 对于未施加任何封护措施的空白组,可以看到硅胶变色严重(图3c),说明有大量水进入到了硅胶内部,而可溶盐也会随水进入。

  • 图3 硅胶颗粒的变色情况(判断是否有水进入)

  • Fig.3 Discoloration of the silica gel layer (to determine water existence)

  • 表1 薄荷醇与石膏复合使用封护效果与硅胶相对位置变化

  • Table1 Sealing effect of the compound use of menthol/gypsum and the relative position change of silica gel

  • 薄荷醇可以渗透到文物的内部,对文物起到加固作用,同时表层的薄荷醇起到封护作用,使文物不直接与石膏接触,并有隔热和防水的效果。薄荷醇与石膏复合使用时,可以根据石膏的用量来调整薄荷醇的厚度,从而到达有效隔水、隔热、临时固型等多重效果。

  • 2.1.2 不同温度石膏硬化过程放热与薄荷醇防护的效果

  • 图4显示出了在不同环境温度下使用相同量石膏(均为3cm厚)硬化过程的温度变化曲线。由图可以看出,环境温度为25℃时,石膏硬化过程中可达的最高温度为48℃,超过了薄荷醇的熔点(44℃);环境温度为15℃时,石膏硬化过程中可达的最高温度为42℃,接近薄荷醇熔点。因此石膏放热在最高点时有可能融化薄荷醇,但是在本实验中发现,石膏与薄荷醇的界面处有少量熔融现象,但是对于薄荷醇涂层,石膏放热不能全部融化,薄荷醇涂层依然能保护固型效果。另外,石膏放热达到最高点后热量迅速散失,融化的薄荷醇可以再次凝固。外界环境温度越高,石膏硬化后达到的最高温度越高。因此在不同地区和季节使用石膏与薄荷醇时,要综合考虑当时环境温度的影响,灵活的调整薄荷醇的用量。

  • 图4 不同环境温度下相同厚度(3cm)石膏硬化过程温度变化曲线

  • Fig.4 Temperature profiles of gypsum hardening process with the same thickness (3cm) at different ambient temperatures

  • 2.1.3 分次浇注减少石膏硬化过程放热,提高薄荷醇防护效果

  • 2.1.1 的结果显示,石膏在硬化过程中的放热量与其用量有直接关系,因此选择了分次浇注等量的石膏,以期望分散石膏硬化过程中的水化热。由图5可以看出,在环境温度为25℃时分3次浇注石膏,石膏硬化过程中可达的最高温度为41℃,远低于一次浇注的最高温度52℃(5 cm厚石膏层),有效地分散了石膏硬化过程产生的热量。且第一次浇注的石膏硬化后也可以成为有效的隔热防水层,减少后期浇注石膏浆体对文物的影响。因此,推荐在考古现场使用石膏时,可以采用少量多次的浇注技术,以降低石膏放热带来的危害。

  • 图5 环境温度25℃,分次浇注石膏硬化过程温度变化曲线

  • Fig.5 Temperature profiles of the hardening process of the cast gypsum at the ambient temperature of 25℃

  • 2.2 分次浇注对石膏硬化后抗压强度的影响

  • 分次浇注可有效分散石膏放热,降低硬化温度减少对薄荷醇固型封护的影响。但石膏主要为脆弱性文物提供支撑,多次浇筑工艺是否会导致石膏的强度下降,引起新问题。为了回答这个问题,测试了不同浇筑工艺下石膏的抗压强度。

  • 如图6所示,5cm石膏分三次浇注成型的石膏,在垂直于浇注面进行压缩时测得石膏的抗压强度为13.84MPa,高于一次浇注成型石膏的抗压强度(12.15MPa)。这是因为石膏由可塑浆体转化成固体的过程中内部可能有气泡存在,从而产生缺陷,石膏体积越大,缺陷越多。而分次浇注可以减少气泡的生成,即减少缺陷的产生,从而提高了石膏的强度。石膏的高强度来源于晶体间的凝聚力,即石膏在固化后形成相互交联的晶体结构。分次浇注石膏时,石膏会分层,层与层之间基本没有力的作用。因此在平行于浇注面的方向也进行了压缩实验,实验结果见图7。结果显示在平行于浇注面进行压缩时测得石膏的抗压强度为14.75MPa,同样高于一次浇注成型石膏的抗压强度。这是由于石膏浇注界面增加,使得石膏韧性增强,从而增大了抗压强度。所以分次浇注在不影响石膏强度情况下可以有效地分散石膏固化水化热量,降低硬化温度,提高可逆去除层的固型和封护效果。

  • 图6 分次浇注石膏硬化后的抗压强度 (压缩方向与浇注面垂直)

  • Fig.6 Compressive strength after hardening of the cast gypsum (the compression direction is perpendicular to the pouring surface)

  • 图7 分次浇注石膏硬化后的抗压强度 (压缩方向与浇注面平行)

  • Fig.7 Compressive strength after hardening of the cast gypsum (the compression direction is parallel to the casting surface)

  • 3 薄荷醇与石膏复合材料在提取化石中的实际应用

  • 实验中采用石膏和薄荷醇复合使用,充分发挥两类材料各自的优点,弥补短板,取得了较好效果。在实际发掘现场能否取得相应的结果,以新疆哈密翼龙化石为例进行验证。新疆哈密翼龙动物群以翼龙化石为主,包括大量雌雄哈密翼龙及珍贵的3D蛋与胚胎化石,记录了翼龙的生长发育史[31-32]。这一重要的化石群主要分布在哈密戈壁强烈干旱高盐碱地区,化石和围岩在遇水或受潮后会快速风化破坏[33-34]。通过石膏和薄荷醇复合使用对新疆哈密地区对一处重量为20kg的化石进行了现场提取。薄荷醇作为表层固型和防水层直接与化石接触,在薄荷醇外层施加石膏浆,并缠绕绷带增加强度,固化后提取,效果较好(图8)。后期将化石从新疆搬运到北京实验室进行后期保护,对已加固好的化石进行处理,用石膏锯打开外层石膏,石膏块剥离后化石表面有一层薄荷醇,化石样品本体和相对位置信息保存完整,没有受到石膏中的水和放热的影响;石膏可以轻易去除干净(图9),整体效果良好,为后续的研究和保护工作奠定了基础。

  • 图8 薄荷醇/石膏技术现场提取哈密翼龙化石

  • Fig.8 In situ extraction of Hami pterosaur fossils by menthol/gypsum technology

  • 图9 搬运到北京实验室的化石

  • Fig.9 Fossils transported to the laboratory in Beijing

  • 4 结论

  • 1)薄荷醇和石膏复合使用,充分发挥两类材料各自的优点,弥补短板,在实验室和化石发掘现场均取得良好的效果,证明了该工艺的可行性。薄荷醇涂层能够有效避免石膏对文物的污染,并具有良好的封护阻水效果。薄荷醇和石膏复合使用是对传统石膏提取技术与薄荷醇类临时固型提取技术的有机结合,扩展原有两种提取材料的使用范围,为发掘现场脆弱遗迹固型提取提供一种新方法。

  • 2)在环境15℃时,5cm以内石膏硬化放热均低于或者略高于薄荷醇的熔点,薄荷醇拥有较好的封护效果。当环境温度较高时可通过分次浇注分散石膏硬化放处热,降低硬化温度。在不同地区和季节使用石膏与薄荷醇时,要综合考虑当时环境温度的影响,灵活地调整石膏和薄荷醇的用量。

  • 3)石膏和薄荷醇单独应用的固型提取技术已广泛应用文物考古发掘现场,尽管复合技术只在化石发掘现场做了成功的应用示范,相信复合技术在文物上应用也能取得良好的效果。

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