This study identifies the architectural timbers from Guangyunmian Temple in Cangyuan Va Autonomous County, Lincang City, Yunnan Province, China, and discusses patterns of material usage and the wood culture associated with the temple through the integration of historical literature and restoration documents. The research revealed that during the historical restoration, at least three wood species—Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis, Michelia baillonii, and Litsea monopetala—were used for the main hall of Guangyunmian Temple. Among them, Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis served as the primary material for the temple’s wooden structure. The use of Michelia baillonii not only reflects the important status of the temple within the local community but also demonstrates the scientific and rational characteristics of local wood-use traditions. The selection of Litsea monopetala further demonstrates the profound understanding of materials and the exceptional craftsmanship of traditional carpenters in the Cangyuan region. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of avoiding the substitution of incorrect wood species during restoration in order to preserve the historical information embodied in ancient wooden architecture. It is therefore recommended to establish an accurate database for species identification of timbers used in historic wooden structures, which would provide a scientific basis for future restoration and conservation work.