A set of exquisite cardboard water-and-land paintings in the collection of Qingdao Museum was investigated to determine their materials and production techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), optical microscopy (OM), paper fiber measurement, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) and laser confocal microscopy Raman spectrometry (LCMR) were used for scientific analysis. The results show that both the central paper and the backing board paper are made of bamboo fibers. The backing board consists of 13 layers of bamboo paper, supplemented with soil, lime, and other materials to increase thickness, enhance mechanical strength, and improve moisture absorption properties. The pigments include inorganic materials such as cinnabar, lead white, and malachite, as well as the organic material from Garcinia and the synthetic pigment of Prussian blue. This study reveals the materials and manufacturing techniques for the paintings, as well as their artistic style and function, reflecting the integration of Chinese and Western elements during the late Qing Dynasty. It provides important empirical evidence for the comprehensive study of cardboard water-and-land paintings of the Qing Dynasty, and offers a scientific basis for the conservation and restoration of similar cultural relics.