In this study, blue bricks excavated from tombs of the Sixteen Kingdoms period in the Guanzhong area were analyzed for their mineral composition using petrographic microscopy, phase composition using infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffraction, and physical properties using the mercury intrusion method, static contact angle measurement, capillary water absorption, and sintering temperature tests. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to examine surface micromorphology, and mechanical tests were conducted. Furthermore, a molecular dynamics simulation model of the blue bricks was developed to explore how composition and microstructure affected surface wettability. The results show that the door bricks and paving bricks shared similar mineral and chemical compositions—primarily quartz and aluminosilicate—and had comparable sintering temperatures. However, the paving bricks exhibited significantly higher porosity, greater water absorption, lower bulk density, and notably lower mechanical strength compared to the door bricks. These findings provide important reference data for the conservation and restoration of brick and stone cultural relics.