山东济南刘家庄遗址商代青铜器科学分析研究
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(1.山东省文物保护修复中心,山东济南 250102;2.山东大学文化遗产研究院,山东青岛 266237;3.哥伦比亚大学东亚系,美国纽约 10027;4.济南市考古研究院,山东济南 250014)

作者简介:

蔡友振(1982—),男,2006年毕业于西北大学考古系文物保护技术专业,副研究馆员,研究方向为文物技术保护,E-mail: 171167572@qq.com

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山东省人文社会科学课题资助(2021-JCLS-06)


Scientific analysis of Shang Dynasty bronze wares unearthed from Liujiazhuang site in Jinan, Shandong
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(1. Shandong Cultural Relics Conservation and Restoration Center, Jinan 250102, China;2. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;3. Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA;4. The Archaeology Institute of Jinan City, Jinan 250014, China)

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    摘要:

    山东济南刘家庄遗址发掘出土一批带有铭文族徽的商代青铜器,其形制多与殷墟同类器物极为相似,表明晚商时期刘家庄地区居住着一支与商都殷墟有密切关系的氏族。针对该遗址出土动植物遗存、铜器铅同位素等方面已有学者开展了相关研究,取得了一定的研究成果。但总体上看,针对这批青铜器制作工艺、合金技术及矿料特征等科技分析数据偏少,与商都殷墟遗存的关系尚待进一步讨论分析。 本研究选取该遗址三座墓葬中29件青铜器(56个样品)为研究对象,利用扫描电镜及能谱仪、金相显微镜、VG Elemental型多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和利曼Prodigy电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪,从青铜器合金组成、金相组织、铅同位素比值及特征微量元素等方面采集数据加以分析,再结合器物形制等考古学资料进行综合研究。 结果表明,刘家庄青铜器主要为铸造成型,合金组成为铅锡青铜、锡青铜、铅青铜、纯铜及铅砷青铜。大部分青铜器金相组织以α固溶体为基体,呈树枝状偏析,枝晶间分布(α+δ)共析体,部分共析体完全腐蚀,Pb相呈颗粒状零散分布或者完全腐蚀,局部区域如孔洞、枝干与缝隙间析出不规则形状铜晶粒。少数器物金相组织内部存在滑移线,推测器物可能经过铸后冷加工。铅同位素比值显示,此批青铜器高放射成因铅占比较高,与殷墟二、三期含高放射成因铅器物数据分布范围相对吻合,与殷墟一期、殷墟四期分布范围稍有差异。微量元素总体趋势以高含量Bi、As、Ag元素为特征,结果与殷墟青铜器微量元素分布模式相较接近。综合对比发现,刘家庄青铜器似乎与殷墟青铜器的主体原料相同。从器型上看,刘家庄青铜鼎、簋、觚形制与纹饰风格等,多与安阳殷墟青铜器尤其是与殷墟二期、三期保持较高的相关性。 本研究表明晚商时期海岱地区与殷墟中原地区交流密切,为商晚期青铜器生产来源与流通关系提供了新的证据。同时,该研究深化了对刘家庄商代青铜器本身的认识,补充完善了济南刘家庄青铜器科技分析内容及考古学研究信息,为深入了解商代时期海岱地区与殷墟之间的关系提供一个新的视角。

    Abstract:

    A batch of Shang Dynasty bronze wares unearthed from Liujiazhuang site in Jinan was investigated in this study. Archaeological evidence shows that most of the bronze wares with inscriptions and national emblems are quite similar to those from Yin Ruins, indicating that in Liujiazhuang area lived a clan closely related to the Shang capital in the late Shang Dynasty. According to existing information, there have been achievements in the remnants of animals and plants, as well as lead isotopes of bronzes unearthed at the site. However, in general, scientific analysis data on the production process, alloy techniques and mineral material characteristics of these bronze wares are limited, and the relationship with the remains of Yin Ruins needs to be further discussed and analyzed. In this study, 29 bronze wares (56 samples) from three tombs at the site were selected as the research objects to analyze their microstructures, chemical compositions, lead isotope ratios, trace elements, in order to conduct comprehensive research in combination with archaeological data such as utensil shapes. A variety of analytical methods used included metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), VG Elemental multi-receiving inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and Liman Prodigy inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The results show that the majority of the bronze wares were tin bronze, lead bronze, pure copper, and lead-arsenic bronze. We propose that most of the objects were cast bronzes, with a couple showing signs of cold working after casting. Furthermore, the metallographic structure of most of the bronze wares is based on α solid solution with dendritic segregation and inter-dendritic distribution of (α+δ) eutectoids, some of which are totally corroded. Another obvious phenomenon was that Pb phase was granular and scattered or completely corroded, and irregular-shaped copper grains were precipitated between holes, branches and gaps. What is unusual about a handful of the utensils is that they feature slip lines in their metallographic structure, implying that they were cold-worked after casting. Moreover, the lead isotope ratio presents that this batch of bronze wares contains a relatively high proportion of lead of high radiogenic origin, which is consistent with the data distribution range of Phase Ⅱ and Ⅲ of Yin Ruins containing high radioactive lead artifacts but differs slightly from the distribution range of PhaseⅠand Ⅳ of Yin Ruins. Furthermore, their trace elements are characterized by high contents of Bi, As and Ag. These results are similar to the trace element distribution pattern of the bronzes from Yin Ruins. Last but not least, a thorough examination reveals that the primary raw materials of Liujiazhuang bronze wares and those from Yin Ruins seem to be the same. The shape and decoration style of Liujiazhuang bronze Ding, Gui and Gu are primarily related to the bronzes from Yin Ruins, notably PhaseⅡand Ⅲ of Yin Ruins, from the perspective of vessel type. As a result, we argue that the bronze wares unearthed from Liujiazhuang site resemble the ones dating back to PhaseⅡand Ⅲ of Yin Ruins. This study provides thorough scientific analysis of Shang Dynasty bronze wares from Liujiazhuang site and allows a further investigation of resource exchange between the Central Plains and Shandong during the late Shang Dynasty. According to the study, in the late Shang Dynasty, the Haidai area had significant ties to the Central Plains area where Yin Ruins are located, offering new evidence for the relationship between manufacturing and circulation of bronze wares in the late Shang Dynasty. Also, the study enriches our comprehension of Shang Dynasty bronze wares from Liujiazhuang site by supplementing and improving their scientific analysis content as well as archaeological research information, and provides a new perspective for an in-depth understanding of the relationship between the Haidai area and Yin Ruins during the Shang Dynasty.

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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-30
  • 最后修改日期:2021-12-30
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  • 在线发布日期: 2022-08-08
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