Shuilu Temple is located at the foot of Wangshun Mountain in Lantian County, Shaanxi Province. In the temple, there are more than 300 m² of exquisite Ming Dynasty painted clay sculptures, the most complete clay sculpture collection in China. In order to clarify the use of pigments in Shuilu Temple’s painted clay sculptures, optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microscopic infrared spectrometry, micro-Raman spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) were used to scientifically analyze pigment samples. The results show that, except for the blue pigment (Prussian blue) in the remake area on the back of the partition wall, most of the pigments used for painted sculptures in Shuilu Temple are mineral pigments, including lead red, cinnabar, iron red, atacamite, orpiment, mica, etc. These results provide a scientific basis for the subsequent conservation and restoration of Shuilu Temple, as well as supplementing scientific information to enrich knowledge of pigment types of Ming Dynasty painted clay sculptures in Guanzhong area.