Research on the mechanism of salt damage in Yungang Grottoes is of great significance to the selection of treatment strategies. In this paper, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to conduct semi-quantitative analysis of mineral composition and the acid-base neutralization method was used to determine CO₂ content, XRD was also used to conduct qualitative identification of salt minerals and silicate minerals, in an attempt to analyze damage patterns in weathered sandstone in Yungang Grottoes. The relationship with the salt precipitates associated with the rock surface. The results suggest that the flaky weathering of the rock face at Yungang Grottoes is related to the high carbonate content of the sandstone, and the powdery weathering is related to the high content of gypsum in the rock. The crystallization of different salts is related to the cave environment. These research results have reference significance for the treatment of weathering diseases in Yungang Grottoes.