As an important part of human cultural heritages, archaeological wood is considered to be extremely valuable; it therefore requires careful attention, conservation and study. In this paper, we discuss research results of multi-parameter detection (morphology, physics, chemistry) applied to evaluate the state of preservation and the mechanism of corrosion of archaeological wood on a microscopic scale. Then we introduce the evaluation of archaeological wood in terms of cell morphology, physical pore structure, chemical components, molecular structure and molecular weight. We also comprehensively describe various characterization methods for detecting these parameters, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), etc. In addition, we analyze both the advantages and disadvantages of the different characterization methods in detail, and demonstrate the feasibility and importance of multi-parameter detection for characterizing the preservation status of archaeological wood. We hope that the macroscopic mechanical properties of wood could be explored on the basis of wood microscopic structure, which will be of great value in the protection of wooden cultural heritage objects and historical wooden buildings.