A variety of portable analytical instrumental methods were used for imaging information extraction, color recording, nondestructive rapid analysis of materials and disease interpretation during a two-round (in 2014 and 2015) overall scientific investigation of murals of Han Xiu Tomb in Xi’an. The results show the existence of re-painting and pre-painting and UV fluorescence on parts of the paintings (such as those with yellow and blue pigments). The technique for making these wall paintings was typical of those used during the Tang Dynasty. Mineral pigments were used for the majority of the paintings, but plant dyes and mineral pigments were mixed and overlaid during drawing. The murals are in a relatively good state of conservation except for local plumping and mould which needs timely treatments. As the first attempt in the overall scientific analysis of murals at archaeological excavation sites, this work provides not only data support for later research and conservation, but is also a reference case for similar projects.