The 502 glue (a cyanoacrylate adhesive) has become a commonly used material for bonding ceramic relics due to its fast-curing properties. However, during use, the liquid 502 glue can infiltrate the ceramic body, forming dark “water stains” that seriously affect the appearance of artifacts. Due to the lower firing temperature and higher water absorption rate of pottery relics, the adhesive can easily infiltrate the body, and unevaluated cleaning operations may lead to irreversible physical damage. In this study, focusing on simulated pottery samples with the cyanoacrylate adhesive infiltrated into their bodies, we employed various cleaning methods such as heating, soaking, and application to explore the effectiveness of different approaches. After evaluating the effects, a cleaning solution with a mass ratio of deionized water, dimethylformamide, and sodium hydroxide (10∶2∶1) was used to soften and decompose the cyanoacrylate adhesive, followed by acetone application to remove residual reaction products, thereby achieving thorough cleaning of the adhesive. Analysis of the treated cleaning solution using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) revealed that the cyanoacrylate adhesive infiltrated into the pottery samples was effectively dissolved. This method has been successfully applied to the removal of adhesive infiltrated into Han Dynasty pottery fragments from the Xunyangcheng site in Jiujiang, providing a new solution and cleaning formula for removing residual adhesive in the conservation and restoration of pottery.