泉州湾宋代海船船体微生物群落结构多样性研究
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(1.福建省泉州海外交通史博物馆,福建泉州 362000;2.馆藏文物有害生物控制研究国家文物局重点科研基地(重庆中国三峡博物馆),重庆 400015)

作者简介:

费利华(1971—),女,1993年毕业于淮南矿业学院(现安徽理工大学) 煤田地质勘查专业,研究员,研究方向为馆藏文物保护,E-mail: fjqzflh@163.com 通信作者:唐 欢(1979—),女,重庆中国三峡博物馆,研究馆员,研究方向为文物有害生物控制,E-mail: tanghuan3gm@163.com

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国家重点研发计划资助(2020YFC1522500)


Microbial community structural diversity of the Quanzhou Bay Song Dynasty shipwreck
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(1. Quanzhou Maritime Museum Fujian, Quanzhou 362000, China;2. Key Scientific Research Base of Pest and Mold Control of Heritage Collection (Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum), State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Chongqing 400015, China)

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    摘要:

    泉州湾宋代海船于1974年发掘出土,是我国发掘的第一艘体量大,年代早的远洋贸易木帆船,也是研究我国古代海外交通史、对外贸易史、造船史等不可多得的实物资料,属于国家珍贵一级文物,具有重要的保护价值。作为国内乃至亚洲大型海洋出水木质文物保护的先例,泉州湾宋代海船经过多年来综合性保护修复和开放式展览,其船体的保存现状值得关注。 微生物是造成木材降解糟朽的重要生物因素之一。微生物对木材的危害主要是木腐菌、着色菌和霉菌等真菌以及一些能够分解纤维素的细菌引起的各种损害。因此,木质文物中微生物类群的解析是众多木质文物预防性保护的重要前期基础,也是微生物病害发生时针对性高效防护的重要保障。为了了解当前泉州湾宋代海船船体中微生物的种群及分布规律,本研究采集从船头到船舱及船尾组成的25个不同区域的样品,采用新一代高通量扩增子测序技术,分析了不同木材类型组成的船体微生物的类群及分布规律,并解析当前船体中是否存在对其潜在有害的致腐微生物类群。 微生物群落组成调查与分析结果表明,船体各个部位中存在稳定且丰富的微生物类群。尽管船体不同部位的细菌和真菌群落组成具有一定的差异性,但这种差异性与船体的木材类型和所处结构位置的关联性不显著。其中船体不同保存区域中存在的优势细菌种属为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)(13.65%)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)(6.88%)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)(3.69%),优势真菌为枝孢霉属(Cladosporium)(12.26%)、假丝酵母菌属(Candida)(5.93%)和扁孔腔菌属(Lophiostoma)(5.66%)。本次检测分析发现的芽孢杆菌属、链球菌属、枝孢霉属和曲霉属均可降解木材纤维素,这些微生物在一定环境条件下生长爆发则会威胁船体的保存,具有一定的潜在隐患。因此,在后续该船体的保护中应该定期对船体进行微生物病害防治处理,严格控制船体的展存环境温湿度,以益于船体的长期保存。 本研究首次系统地解析泉州湾宋代海船船体各个部位的微生物群落结构组成,同时也对泉州海外交通史博物馆当前对该船体的开放式展览微生物病害风险进行评估,为后续该船体微生物病害的预防性保护工作提供重要的参考。

    Abstract:

    Excavated in 1974, the Quanzhou Bay Song Dynasty shipwreck is the first large and early wooden sailboat for ocean trades excavated in China. It is not only a precious national grade-one cultural relic with important conservation value, but also a rare material for studying the history of China’s ancient overseas transportation, foreign trade and shipbuilding, etc. As a precedent for the conservation of large marine wooden relics in China and Asia, the Quanzhou Bay Song Dynasty shipwreck has been preserved for many years. After years of integrated conservation and restoration, the status of the shipwreck deserves attention. The action of microorganisms is one of the important biological factors causing wood degradation. The microbial hazard of wood is mainly caused by fungi such as wood-decay fungi, coloring fungi and molds, as well as some bacteria that can decompose cellulose. Therefore, the analysis of microbial communities in wooden cultural relics is not only an important strategy for the preventive conservation of wooden cultural relics, but also an important guarantee for efficient conservation to avoid the microbial hazard. In order to understand the population and distribution law of microorganisms in the currently preserved hull, samples from 25 different regions from the bow to the cabin and the stern were collected. Microbial high-throughput amplification sequencing was used to analyze the microbial composition groups and distribution laws of the hull, which is composed of different wood types, and to determine whether there were harmful, corrosive microbial groups in the current hull. The results of sequencing analysis show that there were stable and abundant microbial groups in all parts of the hull. Although there are some differences in the composition of bacterial and fungal communities in different parts of the hull, these differences are not significantly related to the wood type and structural position of the hull. The dominant bacterial species in different preservation areas of the hull are Acinetobacter sp. (13.65%), Bacillus sp. (6.88%) and Pseudomonas sp. (3.69%), and the dominant fungal species are Cladosporium sp. (12.26%), Candida sp. (5.93%) and Lophiostoma sp. (5.66%). In addition, the species of Bacillus, Streptococcus, Cladosporium and Aspergillus found in this study have strong abilities to degrade wood cellulose. The growth and outbreak of these microorganisms under certain environmental conditions will threaten the preservation of the hull. Therefore, in the subsequent conservation of the hull, the prevention and treatment to avoid the microbial hazard should be carried out regularly, and the temperature and humidity of the storage environment of the hull should be controlled strictly, so as to benefit the long-term preservation of the hull. This study systematically analyzed the microbial community structural composition of various parts of the Quanzhou Bay Song Dynasty shipwreck for the first time, and evaluated the risk of the microbial hazard for the public exhibition of the ship held by Quanzhou Maritime Museum Fujian, so as to provide an important reference for the following preventive conservation of the Song Dynasty shipwreck against microbial degradation in the future.

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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-17
  • 最后修改日期:2021-11-04
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  • 在线发布日期: 2022-08-08
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